PREPARED BY :

NURHAJAR BINTI MOHAMMAD YUNUS

(2017722379)
NURUL JANNAH BINTI MUSTAFFA
(2017741411)
NOOR SYAMIMI BINTI MUHAMAD AZLAN
(2017777407)
TARGET POPULATION
i. Population, element and population size

Population refers to the entire group of people, events, or

things of interest that the researcher wishes to investigate.

Each member of the population is known as element. The

total number of elements in the population is known as
population size and it is denoted by “N”.

The sample is the subset of the population. It comprises some

members selected from it.

Each member of the sample is known as subject. The total

number of subjects in the sample is known as sample size and
it is denoted by “n”.
 SAMPLING
Sampling: the process of selecting a sufficient number of elements from
the population, so that results from analyzing the sample are generalizable
to the population (Sekaran & Bougie, 2010).

SAMPLING TECHNIQUES
Probability versus nonprobability sampling

Probability sampling:

elements in the population have a known and non-zero

chance of being chosen

Nonprobability sampling:

the elements in the population do not have nay

probabilities attached to their being chosen as sample
subject
 Probability Sampling Nonprobability Sampling

Simple Random Sampling Convenience Sampling

Purposive Sampling (Judgment

Systematic Sampling
Sampling and Quota Sampling)

Stratified Random Sampling

Cluster Sampling
 SAMPLING TECHNIQUES – PROBABILITY
SAMPLING
Simple random sampling :

Unrestricted probability sampling design

Every element in the population has a known and equal chance of being
selected as a subject

Example: 1000 elements in population, we need a sample of 100. Suppose we need to drop a
piece of paper in our hat and each of paper bearing the name of one of the elements and
draw 100 of those from the hat with our eyes closed. Chances for the first draw is 1/1000, the
next one will be 1/999 and so on.
 Systematic sampling

The systematic sampling involves drawing every nth element in the

population starting with a randomly chosen element between 1 and n.

Example: we wanted a sample 35 households from a total population of

260 houses in a particular locality. So we can sample every seventh
house starting from a random number from 1 to 7. So we can draw
every 7, 14, 21, 28 and so on until 35 houses were selected.
 Stratified random sampling

Process of stratification or segregation followed by random

selection of subjects from each stratum

Divide a population in strata

Include all strata

Random selection of elements from strata Proportionate

and Disproportionate

Table 10.1
 Cluster sampling

Cluster samples are samples gathered in groups or chunks of elements

that are natural aggregates of elements in the population.

Target population is divided in clusters.

Then random sample of clusters is drawn and from each selected

cluster either all the elements or sample are included in the
sample.

Such area sampling – geographic areas such as counties, city blocks and
so on.
SAMPLING TECHNIQUES –
NONPROBABILITY SAMPLING

Convenience sampling

Refers to the collection of information from members of the population who are
conveniently available to provide it.

Example: “Pepsi Challenge” contest with purpose of determining whether people prefer
one product to another to be held at a shopping mall visited by many shoppers.
 Purposive sampling

Instead of obtaining from those who conveniently

available, it might sometimes become necessary to obtain
information from specific target groups.

Specific types of people who can provide the desired

information

Judgement Sampling – subjects selected on the basis of

their expertise in the subject investigate

Quota Sampling – subjects are conveniently chosen from

targeted groups according to some predetermined number
of quota
 Determining Sample Size

Level of Precision Variability in Data

• Precision refers to how close • The smaller the dispersion or

our estimate is to the true
population characteristics. We
estimate the population
parameter to fall within a
range based on the sample
estimate.
variability, the greater the
probability that the sample
mean will be closer to the
population mean.
Level of The level of confidence denotes how certain we are
Confidence that our estimates will really hold true for the
population.

Sample Precision and confidence play a vital role in sampling

Data, as we use sample data to draw inferences about the
Precision
entire population.
and
Confidence
in
Estimation
Sample Size Let us suppose, the Branch Manager of the Shah
Alam branch of CIMB bank wants to be 95% confident
that the expected monthly withdrawals in the bank
will be within a confidence interval of ±RM400.
-END-