 I want to be a Doctor

 A person in great pain longs

for relief
 Work hard to achieve a
feeling of success
 He is awfully hungry and
thinks of nothing but food
MOTIVATION
&
EMOTIONS
 Motivation
 Means: to move
 Motivation is a need or desire that energizes
behavior and directs it toward a goal. It is
what either starts or stops behavior. It
is the internal and external forces that drive
our thoughts, moods, and behaviors.
 Motivation refers to factors that activate,
maintain, and direct behavior toward a goal.
 Factors include needs, desires, interests
“Nature has placed mankind under
the governance of two sovereign
masters, pain, and pleasure. It is
for them alone to point out what
we ought to do, as well as to
determine what we shall do”
(Bentham 1789).
 Characteristics of Motivation
Motivation include 3 common characteristics:

1. It concerns with what activates human

behavior
2. It involves what directs this behavior
toward a particular goal.
3. Motivation concerns how this behavior is
sustained (supported)
 Drive: Internal force towards action
 Need:
 Instinct: refers to fixed behavioral
patterns
– Instincts are unlearned, are always
expressed in the same way, and are
universal within a species

 Goal: Objective, aim, target

 Motivation Cycle
 Drive
 Instrumental Behavior
 Goal
 Relief
 Why are you in
college?
 Internal/Intrinsic Motivation: when people
are internally motivated to do something
because it either brings them pleasure,
they think it is important, or they feel that
what they are learning is morally
significant.
 External Motivation: comes into play when
a student is compelled to do something or
act a certain way because of factors
external to him or her (like money or good
grades).
 External Motivation: comes into play when
a student is compelled to do something or
act a certain way because of factors
external to him or her (like money or good
grades).
 Psychobiology of Drives
 Hypothalamus
 Reticular Activating
System
 Arousal: refers to a
general level of
alertness and
mental/physical
activation.
 Humans prefer to maintain a set level
of arousal

– Avoid over-arousal
– Seek stimulation
 Theories of Motivation
 Instinct Theory
 Drive Theory
 Incentive Theory
 Humanistic Theory
 Cognitive Theory
 Instinct Theory
 Motivation is the result of inborn pattern
of behavior
 Freud’s Motivation Theory
 Behavior caused by internal instinct
 Two types of instinct:
1. Eros: Life instinct
2. Thanatos: Death instinct
 Drive Theory
 Behavior is directed by drives
 Homeostasis: Physiological Equilibrium of
individual
 A process by which an organism tries to
maintain balance
 Incentive Theory
 Explains motivation in terms of external
stimuli
 External stimuli pull the individual to some
goal.
 Incentives can be positive or negative
 Cognitive Theory
 Emphasis on role of thoughts,
expectations, and understanding of the
world.
 Classification of Motives
 Biological/Primary/Unlearned/Biogenic
Motives: rooted in physiological state of the
body

 Psychosocial/Secondary/Learned/
Sociogenic Motives: determined by
learning and center around social
experience
 Primary/Biological
 Hunger
 Thirst
 Sex Drive
 Maternal Drive
 Pain Drive
 Air Drive
 Fatigue and need for sleep
 Warmth and Cold
 Bowel and Bladder Tension
 Psychological Motives
 Curiosity
 Need to Achieve
 Need to Affiliate
 Competence Motivation
 Power Motivation
 Motivation for Work
 Social Approval Motive
 Implication in Education
 Direct behavior toward particular goals
 Lead to increased effort and energy
 Increase initiation of, and persistence in,
activities
 Enhance cognitive processing
 Determine what consequences are
reinforcing
 Lead to improved performance
 So be honest with yourself.
Are you genuinely interested in being
in college?
Have you set realistic goals for
yourself?
How can you develop the internal
motivation that really counts?
When it comes to motivation,
KNOWING is not as important as
DOING
 Emotions
 Emotions are stirred up states marked
by physiological arousal, expressive
behavior, and mental experience
 Components of emotion include
– Cognitive: thoughts, beliefs and
expectations
– Physiological: Internal physical changes
related to arousal
– Behavioral: Outward signs of an emotional
state
 Brain Control of Emotion
 Limbic system is
involved in
emotional states
– Includes the
amygdala, the
hypothalamus, and
cingulate cortex
 Frontal lobes
modulate emotions
 Eight Primary Emotions
 Fear
 Surprise
 Sadness
 Disgust
 Anger
 Anticipation
 Happy
 Trust
 Mixed Emotions
 Love
 Optimism
 Aggressiveness
 Contempt
 Remorse
 Disappointment
 Submission
 Emotional Expression
 Emotional states are communicated via
– Facial expressions
 Certain emotional facial expressions are
recognized across cultures
– Body movements can signal emotional arousal
(hair twisting,
facial tics)
– Tone of voice can
signal emotions
(paralanguage cues)
 Facial Emotion Expression
 There is an evolutionary link between the
experience of emotion and facial expression of
emotion:

– Darwin argued that this served to inform

others of our emotional state

 Different facial expressions are associated with

different emotions
Theories of Emotion
 James believed that a physiological
change takes place and then we perceive
these changes prior to outwardly
displaying the emotion. The emotion is the
perception of a bodily change.
 Cannon/Bard Theory: Thalamus perceives
an event and communicates this
information to the cerebral cortex and
stimulates the physiological arousal. This
theory states that emotions are organized
in the brain. The emotional feelings and
bodily expressions occur simultaneously.
 Cognitive Influences on
Emotion

 Schachter and Singer (1962): cognitive

judgments are a critical part of emotional
experience.
 Social and self regulation

 Emotional Intelligence: ability, capacity, or

skill to perceive, assess, and manage the
emotions of one's self, of others, and of
groups.
 Interactionism incorporates both biological
and psychosocial theories
 Emotional Intelligence
 the capacity to be aware of, control, and
express one's emotions, and to handle
interpersonal relationships judiciously and
empathetically.
 Connecting the rational and emotional
centers of the brain
 Thinking about feeling, doing something
constructive with feelings
 Two Models
Bradberry & Greaves Goleman
Personal Competence: Self Awareness
Self Awareness Self Regulation
Self Management
Motivation
Social Competence: Empathy
Social Awareness Social Skill
Relationship
Management