SPECTRUM ANALYSIS

Analogy

Time domain Space domain

Time t (second) Distance x (meter)

Angular frequency ω (rad/s) Wavenumber k (rad/meter) or radial average

wavenumber r

Frequency f (cycle/s) Wavenumber k (cycle/meter)

Fourier Transform
Fourier analysis, a methodology that maps functions of space (or time) into the functions of
wavenumber (or frequency).
𝐹(𝑥) ↔ 𝐹(𝑘)
The fourier transform 𝐹(𝑘) is, in general, a complex function with real and imaginary parts, that is,
𝐹 𝑘 = 𝑅𝑒𝐹 𝑘 + 𝑖𝐼𝑚𝐹(𝑘)
It also can be written as
𝐹 𝑘 = 𝐹(𝑘) 𝑒 𝑖𝜙(𝑘)
Where
𝐹 𝑘 = (𝑅𝑒𝐹(𝑘))2 +(𝐼𝑚𝐹 𝑘 )2 1/2
and
𝐼𝑚𝐹 𝑘
𝜙 𝑘 = 𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛
𝑅𝑒𝐹(𝑘)
The functions 𝐹 𝑘 , 𝜙 𝑘 , and ln 𝐹 𝑘 2 are called the amplitude, phase spectrum, and power-
density spectrum respectively
Discrete Fourier Transform
The discrete Fourier transform is periodic with a period inversely proportional to the sample interval ∆𝑥
2𝜋
𝑘𝑠 =
∆𝑥
𝑘𝑠 = sampling wavenumber (rad/m), or
1
𝑘𝑠 =
∆𝑥
In cycle/m
𝜋
𝑘𝑁 =
∆𝑥
𝑘𝑁 = Nyquist wavenumber (rad/m), or
1
𝑘𝑁 =
2∆𝑥
In cycle/m.
2𝜋 𝜋
Because the discrete Fourier transform repeats itself each ∆𝑥 , all unique information lies between ± ∆𝑥. Hence,
the Nyquist wavenumber is the largest wavenumber at our disposal.
Effect of Depth (Spector and Grant, 1970);
(Blakely, 1995)
Te ensemble average depth 𝑑ҧ enters only into the factor
ത
𝑒 −2 𝑘 𝑑 = 𝑒 −2 𝑘 𝑑 sinh 2 𝑘 𝛥𝑑 / 4 𝑘 𝛥𝑑
1
For value of 𝑘 which are < ത , therefore
𝑑 ത
𝑒 −2 𝑘 𝑑 = 𝑒 −2 𝑘 𝑑
ത
And logarithm of this factor approximates a straight line whose slope is −2𝑑.ҧ The 𝑒 −2 𝑘 𝑑 term is
invariably the domination factor in the power spectrum. Hence, we can write this with
ത
𝐸 = 𝑒 −2 𝑘 𝑑
𝑙𝑛𝐸 = −2 𝑘 𝑑ҧ
𝑙𝑛𝐸 is called the power-density spectrum, and 𝑑ҧ is the slope of linear equation above.
Finally, we have
1 𝑙𝑛𝐸2 − 𝑙𝑛𝐸1
ҧ
𝑑=
4𝜋 𝑘2 − 𝑘1
Matlab code
function DGRAV
clf
clc;
clear all;
CBA=xlsread('data.xlsx');
x=CBA(:,1);
y=CBA(:,2);
dx=100; %interval sampling
ks=1/dx; % sampling wavenumber
xi=min(x):dx:max(x);
yi=spline(x,y,xi);
• Dari data yang ada, buat slice untuk mendapatkan penampang
berspasi 100 m. panjang lintasan 2 km
• Aplikasikan FFT pada data yang di telah diberikan!
a. Plot Power spectrum terhadap k
b. Tentukan slope regional, residual, dan noise
c. Nilai k pada perpotongan regional dan residual
d. Nilai k pada perpotongan residual dan noise
e. berapakah kedalaman rata-rata anomaly regional, residual, dan noise
dengan menggunakan metode spector and grant (1970)