Hydrogen bonding

Properties of Water
• Cohesion
• Adhesion
• High Specific Heat
• High Heat of Vaporization
• Less Dense as a Solid
 Cohesion
• Attraction between particles of the same substance
( why water is attracted to itself)
• Results in Surface tension (a measure of the strength of
water’s surface)
• Produces a surface film on water that allows insects to
walk on the surface of water
 Adhesion
• Attraction between two different substances.
• Water will make hydrogen bonds with other surfaces
such as glass, soil, plant tissues, and cotton.
• Capillary action-water molecules will “tow” each other
along when in a thin glass tube.
• Example: transpiration process which plants and trees
remove water from the soil, and paper towels soak up
water.
 High Specific Heat
• Amount of heat needed to raise or lower 1g of a
substance 1° C.

• Water resists temperature change, both for heating and

cooling.

• Water can absorb or release large amounts of heat

energy with little change in actual temperature.
 High Heat of Vaporization
• Water's heat of vaporization is 540 cal/g.

• In order for water to evaporate, each gram must GAIN

540 calories (temperature doesn’t change --- 100oC).

• As water evaporates, it removes a lot of heat with it

(cooling effect).
• Water vapor forms a kind of global ‘‘blanket” which helps
to keep the Earth warm.
• Heat radiated from the sun warmed surface of the earth
is absorbed and held by the vapor.
 Water is Less Dense as a Solid
• Ice is less dense as a solid than as a liquid (ice floats)

• Liquid water has hydrogen bonds that are constantly

being broken and reformed.

• Frozen water forms a crystal-like lattice whereby

molecules are set at fixed distances.
 Use of Water Resources
 Humans use about 54% of reliable runoff
United States
 Agriculture

 Industry Agriculture
Power
38%
 Domestic cooling
38%
 Power plants

Industry 11%
Public 10%%
The Water Cycle
 Sunshine
• The sun will shine on
water located in various
areas making it warmer.
This causes the water to
eventually turn into
vapor.This vapor
becomes a cloud.
Evaporation

Evaporation occurs
when the sun heats
water turning it into
water vapor. This
vapor leaves its
source and
becomes part of a
cloud.
 Rain
• As evaporation occurs,
the water vapor
becomes clouds. These
clouds get so full of
water that water
droplets (rain) starts to
fall. It falls onto the
ground and into lakes,
rivers,and streams.
 Snow
• When the air is
really cold, it might
snow rather than
rain. It will remain
on top of the
ground until it
melts. It will then
turn into water and
run into streams
and rivers.
 Mountains and Ice
• The snow that falls onto
mountains may turn into
ice because of the cold
temperatures. This ice
and snow may form
glaciers.
Rivers and Streams
• Rivers and
steams carry
water to
reservoirs, lakes
and finally to the
ocean. Many
carry the water
thousands of
miles.
 Oceans
• Oceans cover about ¾
of the surface of the
Earth. When the fresh
water gets to the ocean
it mixes and becomes
salty. The sun shines
on the oceans and
warms the water. The
water becomes vapor
and forms a cloud
 The Three forms of Water
• Solids: When water becomes very cold and
freezes it will change from a liquid to a solid. It
has a definite form and shape.

• Liquids: When water takes the shape of its

container it is in a liquid form.

• Gases: When water is seen in a vapor form and

has no definite size or shape it is in a gas form.
66%
66% of
of the
the human
human body
body is
is
made
made up
up of
of water.
water.

At
At just
just 2%
2% dehydration
dehydration
your
your performance
performance
decreases
decreases by by around
around
20%.
20%.

We
We should
should drink
drink at
at least
least
1½
1½ litres
litres of
of water
water aa day.
day.
80%
80% of
of all
all illness
illness in
in
developing
developing countries
countries is
is
caused
caused byby water
water related
related
diseases.
diseases.

90%
90% ofof wastewater
wastewater in in
developing
developing countries
countries isis
discharged
discharged directly
directly into
into
rivers
rivers and
and streams
streams without
without
treatment.
treatment.
Two
Two thirds
thirds of
of our
our planet
planet
is
is covered
covered by
by water.
water.

97.5%
97.5% of
of the
the water
water is
is
saltwater.
saltwater.

The
The majority
majority of
of freshwater
freshwater
is
is beyond
beyond our
our reach,
reach,
locked
locked into
into polar
polar snow
snow
and
and ice.
ice.
The
The number
number of of
people
people with
with access
access
to
to clean
clean water
water has has
doubled
doubled in in the
the last
last
20
20 years.
years.

1.1
1.1 billion
billion people
people in in
the
the world
world still
still do
do not
not
have
have access
access to to safe
safe
water.
water. This
This is
is nearly
nearly
20%
20% ofof the
the
population.
population.
 80
70%
70
% of total water used

60
50
40
30 22%
20
8%
10
0
Agriculture Domestic Industry
Water uses
Do
Do you
you leave
leave the
the
tap
tap on
on when
when you
you
clean
clean your
your teeth?
teeth?
You
You waste
waste 55 litres
litres
of
of water.
water.
You
You only
only need
need ¼ ¼
litre!
litre!
An
An average
average bathbath
uses
uses 8080 litres
litres of
of
water.
water.
An
An average
average
shower
shower only
only uses
uses
35
35 litres.
litres.
The
The UNUN
estimates
estimates that
that
by
by 2025,
2025, 75%
75%
of
of the
the world
world
population
population
won’t
won’t have
have
reliable,
reliable, clean
clean
water.
water.
Water Pollution
THANK YOU