BY: JOSE LUIS FERMIN

Jose Ivan Cordero

 Tires are manufactured according to relativity
standardized processes and machinery. Over 1 billion
tires are manufactured annually in around 450 tire
factories in the world making the tire industry the
majority consumer of natural rubber. We will be
discussing over the components assembled to make a
tire, the various materials used, the manufacturing
processes and the machinery used to produce them.
Inner Liner
Body Ply
Sidewall
Beads
Apex
Belt Package
Tread
Cushion Gum
Other Components
Materials

• Natural Rubber, or Polyisoprene is the basic elastomer used in tire making

• Styrene-butadiene co-polymer (SBR) is a synthetic rubber which is often substituted
in part for natural rubber based on the comparative raw materials cost
• Polybutadiene is used in combination with other rubbers because of its low heat
build up properties
• Halobutyl rubber is used for the tubeless inner liner compounds, because of its low
air permeability. The halogen atoms provide a bond with the carcass compounds
which are mainly natural rubber. Bromobutyl is superior to Chlorobutyl, but is more
expensive
• Carbon Black, forms a high percentage of the rubber compound. This gives
reinforcement and abrasion resistance
• Silica, used together with carbon black in high performance tires, as a low heat
build up reinforcement
Materials

• Sulphur cross-links the rubber molecules in the vulcanization process

•Accelerators are complex organic compounds which speed up the vulcanization
•Activators assist the vulcanisation. The main one is zinc oxide
•Antioxidants and antiozonants prevent sidewall cracking, due to the action of
sunlight and ozone
•Textile fabric reinforces the carcass of the tire
Compounding and mixing - Compounding is the
operation of bringing together all the ingredients
required to mix a batch of rubber compound. Each
component has a different mix of ingredients
according to the properties required for that
component.
Component preparation - Components fall into three
classes based on manufacturing process - calendering,
extrusion, and bead building.
Tire building - The extruder machine consists of a screw
and barrel, screw drive, heaters, and a die. The extruder
applies two conditions to the compound, heat and pressure.
The calender is a set of multiple large-diameter rolls that
squeeze rubber compound into a thin sheet, usually on the
order of 2 meters wide. Fabric calenders produce an upper
and lower rubber sheet with a layer of fabric in between.
Curing - Curing is the process of applying pressure to
the green tire in a mold in order to give it its final
shape, and applying heat energy to stimulate the
chemical reaction between the rubber and other
materials. In this process the green tire is
automatically transferred onto the lower mold bead
seat, a rubber bladder is inserted into the green tire,
and the mold closes while the bladder inflates.
Final finish - After the tire has been cured, there are
several additional operations. Tire Uniformity
measurement is a test where the tire is automatically
mounted on wheel halves, inflated, run against a
simulated road surface, and measured for force
variation. Tire balance measurement is a test where
the tire is automatically placed on wheel halves,
rotated at a high speed and measured for imbalance.
Tyre manufacturing process

Cutting the sloping incision Collecting the latex

 References
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halobutyl_rubber#Tire_
Construction
http://www.energymanagertraining.com/tyre/tyre_m
anufacturing_process%20.htm