DYNAMICS & MECHANISM

BMCG 1253
FACULTY OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
UTeM

SEM 2-2014/2015

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 BALANCING
PLANAR AND MULTIPLANAR BODY

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 LEARNING OUTCOMES

• SOLVE RELATED PROBLEMS IN BALANCING SYSTEM OF

ROTATING BODY USING NEWTON’S SECOND LAW METHOD
AND NEWTON’S THIRD LAW.

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 CONTENTS

• STATIC BALANCING
• DYNAMIC BALANCING
• BALANCE OF PLANAR ROTATING BODY
• BALANCING METHOD
• BALANCE OF MULTIPLANAR ROTATING BODY
• DYNAMIC FORCES AT BEARINGS

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 BALANCING
• An engine or machine is said to be perfectly balanced if
there is no resultant force or the couple/moment exerted
by the engine or the machine frame on the foundations.

• If the moving parts are not in complete balance, inertia

forces are set up that produces vibration.

• Such vibration occurring at a high speeds –produces

excessive noise, wear and tear of machine parts and gives
faulty performance of the machine or engine. As a result,
frequent maintenance need to be carried out.

• Therefore, the machine or engine must be perfectly

balanced.

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 BALANCING
BALANCING:
• Balancing is the technique of eliminating or at least reducing unwanted
inertia forces or moments to some acceptable limits.

The objectives of balancing an engine/machine are to ensure:

1. That the centre of gravity of the system remains stationery during a
complete revolution of the crank shaft, and
2. That the couples involved in acceleration of the different moving parts
balance each other.

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 BALANCING
Types of balancing:
a) Static Balancing:
i) Static balancing is a balance of forces due to action of gravity.
ii) A body is said to be in static balance when its centre of gravity is in
the axis of rotation.

b) Dynamic balancing:
i) Dynamic balance is a balance due to the action of inertia forces.
ii) A body is said to be in dynamic balance when the resultant
moments or couples, which involved in the acceleration of
different moving parts is equal to zero.
iii) The conditions of dynamic balance are met, the conditions of
static balance are also met.

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 BALANCING

STATIC DYNAMIC

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 STATIC BALANCING

• Static balance is single plane balance and obtained when

the center of masses are located at the center of the body.
 mr  0

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 DYNAMIC BALANCING
• Dynamic balance is multiplane balance and obtained when
the body is rotating.
• Sum of the centrifugal forces must be zero:

 m 2 r  0
• Since  is constant, the above equation can be simplified to:
 mr  0
• The condition mr = 0 is also the condition for static balance
• When the body is dynamically balanced, it is also statically
balanced. But if a body is statically balanced, it may not be
dynamically balanced.

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 DYNAMIC BALANCING

COUPLE UNBALANCE RANDOM UNBALANCE

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BALANCE OF PLANAR ROTATING BODY

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 BALANCE OF PLANAR ROTATING BODY

• Example of planar rotating body are fan, disc, flywheel and

wheel rim.
• For determine the unbalanced resultant force that exist in
the planar rotating body, a FORCE POLYGON is drawn.
• For balance, the FORCE POLYGON should be closed to show
that the resultant force is zero; mr = 0.
m2r2
m1
b Bb   unbalanced force
2
r1
r2
m2 Bb Bb  m1r1 2  m2 r2 2
b b m1r1
m1r1
 b  270  tan 1
B m2 r 2
Force polygon
Bb2 13
 BALANCING METHOD
METHOD

MASS MASS
ADDITION EXCLUSION

1 1 1

6 2 2 2

5 3 5 3 5 3

4 4 4

Mass addition Initial condition Mass exclusion

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EXAMPLE 2.1

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 BALANCE OF MULTIPLANAR ROTATING BODY

• Balance of multiplanar rotating body is refer to rotating

body that has mass on different planes.

• We still use the static balance equation, mr = 0.

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BALANCE OF MULTIPLANAR ROTATING BODY

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 BALANCE OF MULTIPLANAR ROTATING BODY

• For dynamic balance (refer Figure below):

(a) Simply select one reference (as a tip, select the one that
less information like mass, radius or angle. For
symmetrical system, symmetric axis is selected as a
reference plane).
(b) Determine the positive and negative direction.
(c) Multiply the term m2r by l . So:
Reference
B
X A C Y  MOMENT  0
 m r  l  0
l 2
0
_ +  mr  l  0; since  is constant

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 BALANCE OF MULTIPLANAR ROTATING BODY
• For determine the unbalanced resultant force and resultant
moment that exist in the multiplanar rotating body, a FORCE
POLYGON and MOMENT POLYGON are drawn.
• For balance, the MOMENT POLYGON and FORCE POLYGON
should be closed to show that the resultant moment is
zero, mrl = 0 and resultant force is zero, mr = 0.
• Both equations can also be resolved to x- and y-axis:
Static balance : x-axis: y-axis:
 mr  x 0  mr y 0

Dynamic balance: x-axis: y-axis:

 mrl  x 0  mrl  y 0

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EXAMPLE 2.2

EXAMPLE 2.3

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 DYNAMIC FORCES AT BEARINGS
• If a shaft is unbalanced, the dynamic forces at the bearings
may be obtained by first determining the mass-arm
products, Bb, necessary in these planes to achieve balance
and multiply by 2.
Dynamic force at bearing  unbalanced force at bearing  F  Bb  2
where B  unbalance mass; b  radius of rotation

• Dynamic forces, F at bearings are on opposite directions

with the unbalanced forces, Bb2 at bearings. mA

rA F
mB
b rB
B
Bb2 21