IMMUNIZATION

DEFINITION
ACTIVE IMMUNIZATION
PASSIVE IMMUNIZATION
IMMUNIZATION
 REPRESENTS ONE OF THE COST
EFFECTIVE MEANS OF PREVENTING
SERIOUS INFECTIOUS DISEASE
 WIDESPREAD USE OF VACCINES LED TO
THE GLOBAL ERADICATION OF
SMALLPOX IN 1977
 FATAL AND PREVENTABLE INFECTIONS
STILL OCCUR IN THE DEVELOPING
WORLD
IMMUNIZATION
 WHO HAVE RECOMMENDED
IMMUNIZATION TARGETS THAT REP THE
PROPORTION OF THE POPULATION TO
BE IMMUNIZED TO ACHIEVE
ERADICATION OF INFECTION AS A
RESULT OF HERD IMMUNITY
 THIS PROPORTION VARIESACCORDING
TO THE INFECTION INVOLVED.
DEFINITION

 AN EFFORT TO PREVENT
OR MODIFY NATURAL
INFECTION BY
ADMINISTRATION OF AN
ANTIGEN OR ANTIBODY
CONTD
 IMMUNIZATION DESCRIBES THE
PROCESS OF INDUCING IMMUNITY
ARTIFICIALLY BY ADNINISTERING
ANTIGENIC SUBSTANCES
 IMMUNITY TO INFECTION CAN BE
ACHIEVED ARTIFICIALLY IN TWO WAYS
1. ACTIVE IMMUNIZATION
2. PASSIVE IMMUNIZATION
ACTIVE IMMUNIZATION
 ENTRY OF ANTIGEN ALL OR PART
OF A MICROORGANISM OR
MODIFIED PRODUCT OF AN
ORGANISM WHICH STIMULATES
FORMATION OF ANTIBODIES BY THE
IMMUNE SYSTEM.IT PRESENTS
LITTLE OR NO RISK TO RECIPIENT.IT
CAN BE NATURAL OR ACQUIRED
CONTD
 NATURAL===BY ACQURING INFECTION
EITHER SUBCLINICALLY OR CLINICALLY
 LIFELONG PROTECTION IN MEASLES,
RUBELLA,VARICELLA AND MUMPS
 A SECOND ATTACK POSSIBLE WHEN
MORE THAN ONE IMMUNOLOGIC STRAIN
OF ORG EXISTS E .G POLIO
CONTD
 ACQUIRED===BY USE OF VACCINES
WHICH MAY BE VIRAL BACTERIAL OR
TOXOID
 VACCINES MAY BE
 LIVE ATTENUATED
 KILLED
 MODIFIED TOXIN
 EXTRACT OR PROD OF RECOMBIMATION
VACCINE CONSTITUENT
 ACTIVE IMMUNIZING AGENTS
 CONJUGATING AGENTS
 SUSPENDING FLUID
 PRESERVATIVES,STABILIZERS AND
ANTIMICROBIAL AGENTS
 ADJUVANTS
 ALLERGIC RXN MAY OCCUR IF
RECIPIENT IS SENSITIVE TO ONE OR
MORE OF THESE ADDITIVES
PASSIVE IMMUNIZATION
 NATURAL===PASSAGE OF MATERNAL
ANTIBODIES TO FETUS THROUGH
PLACENTA IN THE LAST TRIMESTER.
 ARTIFICIAL===BY ADMINISTRATION OF
IMMUNOGLOBULINS(PREFORMED) FROM
HUMAN OR ANIMAL SERA
 PASSIVE ACTIVE IMMUNITY INVOLVES
GIVING BOTH IMMUNE GLOBULINS AND A
VACCINE TO GIVE IMMEDIATE AND LONG
TERM PROTECTION
IMMUNE RESPONSE TO
VACCINES
 MOST OF STRUTURAL
CONSTITUENTS OF ORG ARE
ANTIGENIC
 INTERACTS WITH B AND T CELLS TO
GENERATE IMMUNE RESPONSE
 SOME INITIATE B CELL
PROLIFERATION AND ANTIBODY
4MATION WITOUT T CELLS
CONTD
 ACTIVATION OF HELPER T CELLS BY
PRESENTATION OF ANTIGEN TO
PHAGOCYTES TRIGGERS A CASCADE OF
MEDIATORS TO STIMULATE MATURATION
OF THE NAÏVE IMMUNE SYS
 ANTIBODIES FUNTION ALONE OR IN
CONJUNCTION WITH OTHER
COMPONENTS OF IMMUNE SYS BY
PARTICIPATING IN
 NEUTRALIZATION OF A TOXIN
 BY OPSONIZATION
CONTD
 BY INITIATINGAND PROMOTING
PHAGOCYTOSIS
 SENSITIZING OTHER LYMPHOCYTES
AND MACROPHAGES TO STIMULATE
PHAGOCYTOSIS
RESPONSE
 PRIMARY ===REQUIRES A LATENT
PERIOD B4HUMORAL AND CELL
MEDIATED IMMUNITY CAN BE DETECTED
 EARLY ANTIBODIES ARE USUALLY IgM
 LATER ANTIBODIES ARE IgG TITRE
USUALLY RISES IN THE 2ND WK AFTER
IMMUNOGENIC STIMULATION
 LIVE PATHOGEN REPLICATE AT MUCOSAL
SURFACES B4 INVASION AND INDUCE
SECRETORY IgA
CONTD
 SECOND EXPOSURE TO SAME ANTIGEN
CAUSES A HUMORAL OR CELL MEDIATED
RESPONSE THAT OCCUR RAPIDLY
 DEPENDS ON MEMORY CELLS
 XTERIZED BY MARKED PROLIFERATION
ANTIBODY PRODUCING CELLS
 POLYSACHARIDE VACCINE EVOKE
RESPONSE INDEPENDENT OF T CELLS
AND ARE NOT SEEN ON REPEAT
ADMINISTRATION
CONTD
 LINKING TO PROTEIN CONVERTS IT
TO T CELL DEPENDENT ANTIGEN
THAT INDUCE SECONDARY
RESPONSE
 STIMULATION OF IMMUNE SYS BY
VACCINATION MAY RESULT IN
UNANTICIPATED RESPONSES
CONTD

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