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Name: Dr. Muhammad Rabiul Islam Rank: Major Position: Instructor Class B Mobile: 01769024092 Email
Name: Dr. Muhammad Rabiul Islam Rank: Major Position: Instructor Class B Mobile: 01769024092 Email
1
What is the Course
Deflection Deformation
2
Which Books will be followed??
3
Fundamental of Stress Analysis
Stress, P
A
Unit is force per unit area and is denoted by the Greek letter sigma.
Units
USCS: psi (pounds per square inch), ksi (kilopounds per square inch)
SI: N/m2 (Newton per meter square - Pascal)
1 MPa = ?? N/m2 ; 1 Mpa = ?? N/mm2 ;
Questions or
Doubts????
8
Location of Centroids of Plane Areas
Total Moment Considering Elemental Area:
First Moment of area with respect to x axis Q ydA
x
Finally:
M P x xdA
y
P
Since a constant and equal to
A
y x
ydA xdA
; ;
A A
Questions or
Doubts????
11
Mechanical Properties of Material
For low-carbon steels, this limit is in the range 210 to 350 MPa, high-strength
steels (with higher carbon content plus other alloys) can have proportional limits
of more than 550 Mpa;
The slope of the straight line from O to A is called the modulus of elasticity;
With an increase in stress beyond the proportional limit, the strain begins to
increase more rapidly for each increment in stress;
At point B, the curve becomes horizontal;
12
Mechanical Properties of Material
Considerable elongation occurs with no
noticeable increase in the tensile force
(from B to C). This phenomenon is known
as yielding of the material, and point B is
called the yield point. The corresponding
stress is known as the yield stress of the
steel.
In the region from B to C the material becomes perfectly plastic, which means
that it deforms without an increase in the applied load.
The yield stress and ultimate stress of a material are also called the yield
strength and ultimate strength, respectively.
When a test specimen is stretched, lateral contraction occurs. The resulting
decrease in cross-sectional area is too small to have a noticeable effect on the
calculated values of the stresses up to about point C. But beyond that point the
reduction in area begins to alter the shape of the curve. In the vicinity of the
ultimate stress, the reduction in area of the bar becomes clearly visible and a
pronounced necking of the bar occurs; 14
Mechanical Properties of Material
Questions or
Doubts????
17
Elasticity, Plasticity, Creep
Elasticity: The property of a material, by which it returns to its original
dimensions during unloading; the material itself is elastic;
During unloading if the structure returns partially to its original
shape the material is partially elastic.
The elastic limit is usually the same as, or slightly above, the proportional
limit. Hence, for many materials the two limits are assigned the same
numerical value. In the case of mild steel, the yield stress is also very close to
the proportional limit, so that for practical purposes the yield stress, the
elastic limit, and the proportional limit are assumed to be equal.
Plasticity: The characteristic of a material by which it undergoes inelastic
strains beyond the strain at the elastic limit is known as plasticity; ; the
material itself is plastic;
Creep: When loaded for long periods of time, some materials develop
additional strains and are said to creep.
18
Hooke’s Law Hooke’s law express the linear relationship between
stress and strain in simple tension or compression:
E
E is a constant of proportionality known as the modulus of elasticity for the
material. The modulus of elasticity is the slope of the stress-strain diagram in
the linearly elastic region. The units of E are the same as the units of stress.
More flexible materials have a lower modulus—plastics - from 0.7 to 14 Gpa
More stiff materials have a higher modulus—steel - 210 Gpa (approx.)
M o d u l u s o f e l a s t i c i t y i s o f t e n c a l l e d Yo u n g ’ s m o d u l u s
Poisson’s Ratio
Flat bar
Clevis
Shear forces V act over the cut surfaces of the bolt. Here there are two planes
of shear (mn and pq), and so the bolt is in double shear. In double shear, each
of the shear forces is equal to one-half of the total;
Shear Stress highest near the center and become zero on the edges
For the linearly elastic region, the shear stress and shear strain are
proportional, thus Hooke’s law in shear: = G
G is the shear modulus of elasticity (also called the modulus of
rigidity).
24
Sign Convention for Shear Strain
“Shear Strain in an element is positive when the angle between two
positive faces (or two negative faces) is reduced. The strain is negative
when the angle between two positive (or two negative) faces is
increased.”
Strain Faces Sign
Reduced Positive - Positive Positive
Reduced Negative - Negative Positive
Reduced Positive – Negative Negative
Increased Positive – Positive Negative
Increased Negative - Negative Negative
Increased Positive-Negative Positive
The strains shown in Fig. are positive, and positive shear stresses are
accompanied by positive shear strains
25
Basic Design Considerations
The actual strength of a structure must exceed the required
strength.
• For brittle materials, such as concrete and some plastics, and for
materials without a clearly defined yield stress, such as wood and
high-strength steels: Ultimate Strength
Allowable Stress
Factor of Safety
27
Example 1-8 of Text Book (James M. Gere, Barry J. Goodno)
28
Assignment-01
Odd Roll No. Even Roll No.
Ref. Book Text Book Ref. Book Text Book
(Strength of (Mechanics of (Strength of (Mechanics of
Materials) Materials) Materials) Materials)
104, 107, 109, 1.2-1, 1.2-3, 105, 108, 111, 1.2-2, 1.2-4,
113, 126, 211, 1.5-8, 1.6-2, 123, 209, 213, 1.6-1, 1.6-5,
221 1.6-6, 1.7-7, 1.7-6, 1.7-9,
1.7-11, 1.8-2, 1.8-1, 1.8-4,
1.8-5, 1.8-13, 1.8-11, 1.8-14
Total: 07 Nos. Total: 10 Nos. Total: 06 Nos. Total: 10 Nos.
Last Date of Submission: 10/08/2014, Do Not Do Without Understanding
If necessary take help from others, but understanding is first
Springs
K (Stiffness Constant): The force required to
produce a unit elongation;
f (flexibility constant): Elongation produced by a
load of unit value.
Equations are also applicable to springs in
compression. 30
Prismatic Bars
Uniform Normal Stress, = P/A
Axial Strain, = /L
Longitudinal Stress, = E
PL
Equations Combinations
EA
Product EA Axial Rigidity of the bar.
EA
Stiffness of a Prismatic Bar k
L
L
Flexibility of a Prismatic Bar f
EA
31
Bars with Intermediate Axial Loads
1. Identify the segments of the bar;
2. Determine the internal axial forces N1,
N2, and N3
33
Example 2-4 of Text Book
The bar has a constant axial force (equal to the load P);
Cross-sectional area varies continuously from one end to the other;
Need an expression for the cross-sectional area A(x);
34
Example 2-4 of Text Book
By substituting dA = dB = d,
37
THIN WALLED PRESSURE VESSEL
Elementary force
acting normal to an
element located at
an angle from
horizontal diameter:
dF = pdA = pL(D/2)d
0
0 2 2
F pDL
F pDL pD
t
tangential stress
A 2tL 2t
pD
Longitudinal Stress :
l 38
4t
WISH ALL OF U A VERY HAPPY EID
39
Example 2-5 of Text Book (James M. Gere)
40
R E V I E W
1. Normal Stress 10. Necking
43
Maximum Normal and Shear Stresses
= 00
= 450
44
F A I L U R E
Even though the maximum shear stress in an
axially loaded bar is only one-half the maximum
normal stress, the shear stress may cause failure if
the material is much weaker in shear than in tension.
A similar type of behavior occurs in mild steel loaded
in tension;
During a tensile test of a flat bar of low-carbon
steel with polished surfaces, visible slip bands appear
on the sides of the bar at approximately 45° to the
axis;
These bands indicate that the material is failing in
shear along the planes on which the shear stress is
maximum;
These bands are called either Lüders’ bands or Piobert’s
bands. They begin to appear when the yield stress is reached
in the bar. 45
EXAMPLE 2-11 OF TEXT BOOK
51
Supports of Beam
Beam is a structural member subjected to lateral loads/forces or
moments having their vectors perpendicular to the axis of the bar;
Finding the shear forces and bending moments is an essential step
in the design of any beam. Not only the maximum values of these
quantities, but also the manner in which they vary along the axis is very
much important.
CONCENTRATED
UNIFORMLY DISTRIBUTED
Constant intensity
LOADS DISTRIBUTED
Measured by intensity LINEARLY
VARYING/VARYING
COUPLE Intensity changes with distance
HA = ?, RA = ?, RB =?
We need to use
The equation of horizontal
equilibrium;
Equations of moment
equilibrium about points B and
A SIMPLY SUPPORTED BEAM A.
HA = ?, RA = ?, MA =?
We need to use
The equation of horizontal
equilibrium;
The equation of vertical
equilibrium.
CANTILEVER BEAM Equation of equilibrium of
moments about point A in
Finally
order to eliminate both HA
and RA.