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Induction Machine
Induction Machine
• Stator construction
– Laminated iron core with slots
– Coils are placed in the slots to form
a three or single phase winding
• Squirrel-cage rotor
construction
– Laminated Iron core with slots
– Metal bars are molded in the slots
– Two rings short circuits the bars
– The bars are slanted to reduce
noise
INDUCTION MOTORS
Wound-rotor:
Stator with Laminated core
• Three-phase windings are placed laminated with slots
in the slots. Phase iron-core
Phase
C
• The winding is wye or delta A
Slots with
connected. Three phase winding
winding B-
• The ends of each phase is A+
connected to a slip ring. C+
Operation principles.
Operation principles
• The interaction between the rotor current and the stator field produces a
force that drives the motor: Force = B I L sin f
• The induced voltage magnitude is dependent upon the speed difference
between the rotating stator field and the rotor.
• The speed difference is maximum during starting when the motor draws
large current. The frequency of the rotor current is 60 Hz when the rotor is
stationary.
• As the motor starts to rotate the speed difference is reduced, which results
in:
– reduction on the frequency of the induced voltage in the rotor.
– reduced magnitude of rotor current and induced voltage.
INDUCTION MOTORS
Force generation.
• Rotating field induces Brotating
current in the bar .
Force
• The current and field Ir
interaction generates the
driving force.
• Force = Brotating L Ir
Ring
INDUCTION MOTORS
Operation principles.
• If the rotor speed is equal to the angular speed of the stator field, the
induced voltage, current and torque become zero. Therefore the motor
speed must be less than the synchronous speed.
• Motor operation requires speed difference between the stator generated
rotating field and the actual rotor speed. The speed difference is called
slip (s) and defined as:
Calculate:
a) Synchronous speed
b) Rotor speed
c) Frequency of rotor current
Solution
- Synchronous speed: ns = 2 f / p = (120) / 6 = 20 rev/sec = 1200 rpm
- Rotor speed: nr = (1-s) ns = (1- 0.05) (1200) = 1140 rpm
- Frequency of rotor current: fr = s f = (0.05) (60) = 3 Hz
INDUCTION MOTORS
Development of equivalent circuit
• The applied voltage (V1) across phase A is equal to the sum of the
– induced voltage (E1).
– voltage drop across the stator resistance (I1 R1).
– voltage drop across the stator leakage reactance (I1 j X1).
INDUCTION MOTORS
Development of equivalent circuit
• The greater the relative motion between rotor and stator magnetic fields, the
greater the resulting rotor voltage E2.
• The greatest E2 occurs when rotor is blocked (why?) called E2O. At certain
slip:
E2 = s. E2O ; X2 = s. X2O
E2
I2
R 2 jX 2
s.E 20
I2
R 2 j.sX 20
E 20
I2
R 2 / s jX 20
INDUCTION MOTORS
Development of equivalent circuit.
R '2 a 2 R 2
• If all parameters are referred to stator side:
X '20 a 2 X 20
Where
a = turn ratio (effective) between stator and rotor
R’2 = rotor resistance referred to stator
X’20 = rotor reactance (at blocked rotor) referred to stator
INDUCTION MOTORS
Development of equivalent circuit.
• R2 and X20 are very difficult (or impossible) to determine directly from
squirrel-cage rotors and so the “a”. But we can get those from direct
measurement R2 and X2.
INDUCTION MOTORS
Three-phase motors. Development of equivalent circuit.
Rotor
Copper Losses
Electric Developed
Power
INDUCTION MOTORS
Determination of parameters from test
R1
B
INDUCTION MOTORS
Determination of parameters from test
• No-load test
– The motor is supplied by rated line -to -line voltage (Vml ) and the no-load
current Inl and the no load input power Pnl are measured.
Pin = V1.I1.cos j
Y=I/V
Y = G +jB
INDUCTION MOTORS
Three-phase motors. Determination of parameters from test.
• Blocked-Rotor Test
– The motor is supplied by reduced voltage V1 and lower
frequency voltage. Reduced frequency simulates that rotor
current frequency is small in normal operation.
– The voltage Vbr , current Ibr, the input power Pb r are
measured.
– The rotor is blocked slip is s =1. Magnetizing reactance and
resistance are neglected because of reduced supply voltage.
Bloacked Rotor Test
INDUCTION MOTORS
Three-phase motors. Determination of parameters from test.
• Blocked-Rotor Test Rbr
P I2 .R
br br br
P Xbr
R br
br 3 I 2
br
V
Z br
br I
br
INDUCTION MOTORS
Determination of parameters from test.
• Blocked-Rotor Test
– Blocked rotor reactance at the test frequency ftest is:
X br test Z br 2 R br 2
– Blocked rotor reactance at the rated frequencies:
Xbr = Xbr, test (frated / ftest )
a) Calculate:
– the equivalent circuit parameters
– the rotational losses
b) Draw the equivalent circuit with the parameter values.
INDUCTION MOTORS
Three-phase motors. Performance Analysis.
• The induction motor performance is evaluated using the equivalent circuit.
• The power flow diagram is shown in the figure:
INDUCTION MOTORS
Torque Vs Speed Characteristic
The Induced Torque in motor is given by :
jX m
Vthev V1
R1 jX1 jX m
Xm
Vthev V1
R1 X 1 X m
2 2
INDUCTION MOTORS
Torque Vs Speed Characteristic
jX m R1 jX1
Z thev
R1 j X 1 X m
Xm
Vthev V1
X1 X m
INDUCTION MOTORS
Torque Vs Speed Characteristic
jX m R1 jX1
Z thev Rthev jX thev
R1 j X 1 X m
2
Xm X
Rthev R1
X1 X m
Vthev
X thev X 1
INDUCTION MOTORS
Torque Vs Speed Characteristic
X
Vthev
I '2
Rthev R2 / s jX thev jX 2
Vthev
I '2
Rthev R2 / s 2 X thev X 2 2
2
3Vthev .R2 / s
PAG
Rthev R2 / s 2 X thev X 2 2
PAG
And the rotor induced torque is ind
sync
INDUCTION MOTORS
Torque Vs Speed Characteristic
2
3Vthev .R2 / s
ind
sync . Rthev R2 / s 2 X thev X 2 2
This equation is plotted as :
INDUCTION MOTORS
Maximum Torque of Induction Motor
From equivalent circuit, maximum power transfer is achieved when
R’2 equal to rest of impedance in the left.
X thev X 2
R2
2 2
Rthev
smax T
2
3Vthev .R2
start
sync . Rthev R2 X thev X 2
2 2
INDUCTION MOTORS
Class Design of Induction Motor
Motor
Description X1 X2
Class
Normal starting Torque,
A 0.5 0.5
normal starting current
Normal starting Torque,
B 0.4 0.6
Low starting current
High starting Torque,
C 0.3 0.7
Low starting current
High starting Torque,
D 0.5 0.5
High Slip
Wound
0.5 0.5
rotor
Control of Induction Motor
Why we need Control for Induction Motor?
What parameters can be controlled in Induction Motor?
Speed Control of Induction Motor
There are some technique controlling (speed) of induction motor:
1. Pole changing
Pole changing
Control of Induction Motor
Pole changing
Control of Induction Motor
Pole changing derives three control of Induction Motor :
A) Constant Torque
B) Constant Horse Power
C) Variable Torque
Control of Induction Motor
Line Frequency Control
(a.) (b.)
(a) The family of torque-speed Characteristic curves for speeds below base
speed. assuming that the line voltage is derated linearly with frequency. (b)
The family of torque-speed characteristic curves for speeds above base
speed. Assuming that the line voltage is held constant
Induction Motor Derating
• If we operate induction machine below its base speed it
must reduce the line voltage linearly. This call as derating.
• Since, the induction motor is basically similiar to a
transformer, then from the faraday’s law :
V1
V
decreasing
V2 V1> V2 > V3
nr1> nr2 > nr3
V3
R1< R2< R3
nr1< nr2< nr3
R1
R2
R3
CAPACITOR-TYPE MOTORS
Single Phase Induction Motors