SKELETAL AND MUSCULAR SYSTEM

- 1K6 -
DANIEL
MARDIYAH
JANNAH
 THE ORGANS OF THE SYSTEM

 Bones can divided into four parts :

 The skeletal system consists of bones,  Long bones
cartilages, ligaments and joints  Short bones
 Flat bones
 Skeleton can be divided into two
 Irregular bones
parts :
 Axial skeleton, which includes the
bones that form the longitudinal axes
of the body
 The Appendicular skeleton which is
the bones of the limbs and girdles
 THE FUNCTIONS OF THE SYSTEM
Skeletal

 Gives shape and support to your body

 Bones protect your internal organs such as your brain and heart,
 Major muscles are attached to bone help them move
 Blood cells are formed in the center of many bones in the soft
tissue called marrow.
 Calcium and phosphorous are stored in the skeleton for later use.
Calcium and phosphorous make bones hard
 THE ORGANS
Skull Femur

 To protect the brain from getting any damage  Serves as an attachment point for all the muscles that exert their force over the
hip and knee joints.

Mandible Ulna
 Used either for biting or cutting and holding food.  The ulna forms part of the wrist joint and elbow joints.

Patella
Humerus  Plays a vital role in how the knee bends, in addition to most motions that
require movement of the leg.
 Supports all lifting and physical activities.

Fibula
Clavicle  Allowing for stability in movement. It is sometimes used as donor stock for
bone grafts.
 Hold the arms freely and supported, away from the trunk.
Talus

Radius  form a connection between the leg and the foot so that body weight may be
transferred from the ankle to the leg, enabling a person to walk while
maintaining balance.
 The radius is the home for a few muscles' insertion points.
 DISEASES FROM ORGAN FAILURES

Bursitis
 Appear at the shoulders, elbows and hips. A painful condition impacting the cushioning between the bones, tendon
and muscles near the joints. Inflammation of the bursae often cause aching and stiffness in the joints. Risk for
people involved in repetitive motion such as carpet lying or gardening.

Arthritis
 A joint disorder causing inflammation and pain in the affected area. There are several forms of arthritis which is
osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis. The breakdown of cartilage in this form of arthritis leads to the bones
rubbing together, causing stiffness, pain and eventual loss of movement in the joint.
Osteoporosis
 Causes low bone mass and structural deterioration of bone tissue. This increases fragility of bones and may be
prevented as well as treated upon onset. Women are currently at higher risk than men for development of this
disease due to risk factors of small frame and less bone tissue volume.
 THE ORGANS OF THE SYSTEM

 There are three different types of

muscle within our bodies
1. Skeletal muscle
2. Cardiac muscle
3. Smooth muscle
 THE FUNCTIONS OF THE SYSTEM
Muscular

Muscle type Role

Skeletal Skeletal muscles are located beneath the layers of skin and fat. Skeletal muscles connect to tendons
and bones and are responsible for creating movement. Skeletal muscles are under voluntary control
Cardiac Cardiac muscle is only found in your heart. It contracts and relaxes pumping blood around your
body. Cardiac muscle is an involuntary muscle
Smooth Smooth muscle forms the walls of most blood vessels, glands and organs within the body. It is
responsible for expanding and contracting allowing blood and fluids to enter and pass through the
vessels and organs at varying rates. Smooth muscle is also involuntary.
 THE ORGANS

Deltoid Frontalis
 Anterior: flexes the arm at the shoulder, internally rotates the  Serves for facial expressions.
arm at the shoulder joint, and assists in taking the arm out to
the side (abduction).
 Lateral or Middle: abducts the arm at the shoulder joint. Biceps
 Posterior: does extension/hyperextension of the arm at the  Flexes elbow and abducts shoulder. Supinates radioulnar
shoulder joint, externally rotates the arm at the shoulder joint, joint in the forearm.
and assists in abduction of the arm at the shoulder joint.

Pectoralis Quadriceps
 The first action is flexion of the humerus, as in throwing a ball  Walking, running, jumping and squatting.
underhand, and in lifting a child. Secondly, it adducts the
humerus, as when flapping the arms. Thirdly, it rotates the
humerus medially, as occurs when arm-wrestling. Fourthly the Tibialis anterior
pectoralis major is also responsible for keeping the arm
attached to the trunk of the body  It acts to dorsiflex and invert the foot.
  DISEASES FROM ORGAN FAILURES
Myotonia
 Myotonia is a medical problem in which the muscles relax slowly after contraction or stimulation. Specific
symptoms of myotonia include trouble releasing a grip on a certain object such as a cup or spoon, trouble walking
and difficulty getting up from a chair. Myotonia can be inherited or it can just develop over time. Cold weather can
serve as a trigger for myotonia.

Mitochondrial Myopathies
 Mitochondrial myopathies refer to a neuromuscular disease in which there is damage to the mitochondria.
Specific symptoms of mitochondrial myopathies include muscle weakness, heart rhythm abnormalities, heart
failure, deafness and blindness. Mitochondrial myopathies can also lead to vomiting, drooping eyelids, seizures and
dementia.
Myofascial pain syndrome
 Myofascial pain syndrome is a chronic disorder affecting one or more muscle groups. myofascial pain syndrome is
characterized by burning, aching and nagging pain. Sometimes pain can move from the muscle to other regions of
the body such as the shoulder. This is known as referred pain.
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