INTRODUCTION

A CHANNEL CAN BE CLASSIFIED AS:

• NATURAL OR -STREAMS, SMALL AND LARGE RIVERS TO TIDAL ESTUARIES THAT EXIST NATURALLY
ON THE EARTH
• ARTIFICIAL CHANNEL -CONSTRUCTED OR DEVELOPED BY HUMAN EFFORT SUCH AS GUTTERS,
DRAINAGE, DITCHES, FLOODWAYS, TUNNELS, LOG CHUTES, NAVIGATION CHANNELS, POWER
CANALS AND, SPILLWAYS
FLOW RATE=Q = AV
𝟏

VELOCITY MANNING FORMULA =V= R2/3SO1/2𝒏

CHANNEL CONVEYANCE=K = (AR2/3)/N (BEST HYDRAULIC)

 OBJECTIVE
• TO KNOW THE VELOCITY, V AND WATER DISCHARGE, Q FOR EACH
CHANNEL USING MANNING EQUATION.
• TO IDENTIFY THE CROSS-SECTIONAL AREA OF THE CHANNEL
(PROFILE OF THE CHANNEL WIDTH, DEPTH FOR EACH SECTION OF
THE CHANNEL).
• TO SHOW THE METHOD USED IN MEASURE THE LONGITUDINAL
SLOPE SO.
• TO DESIGN THE BEST HYDRAULICS SECTION FOR THESE CHANNELS
THAT COULD CONVEY FLOW AT Q = 15.85 M3/S.
 STUDY AREA
Channel Location: Channel Characteristic:

Perwira Residential College Trapezoidal shape, artificial

(FRONT) channel.

Tasik infront FKEE Trapezoidal channel. The surface

is made of concrete lined channel
with slanted alignment.

Perwira Residential College Trapezoidal shape, artificial

(INSIDE) channel
 METHOD AND EQUIPMENTS
• WOODEN STICK
• METER TAPE
• PING PONG BALL
• STOP WATCH
• PROTRACTOR
• THREAD

• Measure length of
wooden stick
1.Measure the • Pin point 3 point along
3 meter
Part A – length of the top Part B –
Measure the • ensure wooden stick
Measure the width, T, bottom depth between
perpendicular with
dimension of width, B, water vertical wood.
the catchment two points to • Measure length of the
depth, y, height, h obtain slope, S wooden stick top-
of the catchment bottom.
• Calculate the slope
 CALCULATION
VELOCITY AND DISCHARGE OF FLOW
• LOCATION 1 - PERWIRA RESIDENTIAL COLLEGE (FRONT)
CURRENT YO
0.93−0.925
𝑦𝑜 = 0.13 𝑚, 𝑛 = 0.013, 𝑆𝑜 = = 0.005
1

MANNING METHOD
𝑧 0.1
=
1 0.13
𝑧 = 0.769
AREA WETTED PARAMETER

𝑨 = 𝒛𝒚𝟐 + 𝑩𝒚 𝑷 = 𝑩 + 𝟐𝒚 𝟏 + 𝒛𝟐

𝐴 = 0.769 0.13 2 + 0.4 0.13 𝑃 = 0.4 + 2 0.13 1 + 0.7692

𝐴 = 0.0650 𝑚2 𝑃 = 0.7280 𝑚
HYDRAULIC RADIUS TOP WIDTH
𝑨 0.0650
𝑹= = = 0.0893 𝑚 𝑻 = 𝑩 + 𝟐𝒛𝒚 = 0.4 + 2 0.769 0.13
𝑷 0.7280
𝟐ൗ 𝟏ൗ
𝑹 𝑺𝒐 𝟐
𝟑
𝑽= T = 0.60 𝑚
𝒏
2ൗ 1
0.005 ൗ2
0.0893 3 𝑨 0.0650
𝑉= 𝐃= = = 0.108 M
0.013 𝑻 0.60
𝑉 = 1.0867 𝑚/𝑠
𝑸 = 𝑨𝑽 = 0.0650 1.0867 = 0.0706 𝑚3 /𝑠
FULL YO
𝑧 0.1
𝑦𝑜 = 0.93 𝑚 =
1 0.6
𝑧 = 0.167 𝑚
AREA WETTED PARAMETER
𝑨 = 𝑩𝒚 + 𝒛𝒚𝟐 + 𝑩𝒚 𝑷 = 𝑩 + 𝟐𝒚 𝟏 + 𝒛𝟐 + 𝟐𝒚
𝐴 = 0.4 0.6 + 0.167 0.6 2 + 0.6 0.33 𝑃 = 0.4 + 2 0.6 1 + 0.1672
𝐴 = 0.498 𝑚2 𝑃 = 2.277 𝑚
HYDRAULIC RADIUS TOP WIDTH
𝑨
𝑹= T = B = 0.60 M
𝑷
0.498
𝑅= = 0.219
2.277
 HYDRAULIC DEPTH
𝑨 0.498
𝑫= = = 0.83 𝑚
𝑻 0.60

𝟐ൗ 𝟏ൗ
𝑹 𝑺𝒐 𝟐
𝟑
𝑽=
𝒏
2ൗ 1ൗ
0.219 30.005 2
𝑉=
0.013
𝑉 = 1.976 𝑚/𝑠
𝑸 = 𝑨𝑽
𝑄 = 0.498 1.976 = 0.984𝑚3
 BEST HYDRAULIC SECTION
𝑄 = 15.85 𝑚3 /𝑠 , 𝑛 = 0.013, 𝑆𝑜 = 0.005, 𝑧 = 0.167
𝟐 𝟏
𝑨𝑹𝟑 𝑺𝒐 𝟐 𝑸𝒏
𝑸= → 𝟏/𝟐
= 𝑨𝑹𝟐/𝟑
𝒏 𝑺𝒐
TRAPEZOIDAL
𝑨 = 𝟐 𝟏 + 𝒛𝟐 − 𝒛 𝒚𝒆 𝟐 𝑹 = 𝒚𝒆 /𝟐

15.85 0.013
SO, 1 = 𝑨𝑹𝟐/𝟑
0.0052
2
𝑦𝑒 3
2.914 = 2 1 + 0.1672 𝑦𝑒 2
2

8
8
1.861𝑦𝑒 3
2.914 = 4.625 = 1.861𝑦𝑒 3
1.587
𝒚𝒆 = 𝟏. 𝟒𝟎𝟕 𝒎
RECTANGULAR
𝑨 = 𝟐𝒚𝒆 𝟐 𝑹 = 𝒚𝒆 /𝟐
2
2
𝑦𝑒 3
2.914 = 2𝑦𝑒
2
8
2𝑦𝑒 3
2.914 =
1.587
8
4.625 = 2𝑦𝑒 3
8
2.313 = 𝑦𝑒 3
𝒚𝒆 = 𝟏. 𝟑𝟕𝟎 𝒎 σ 𝒚𝒆 = 𝟐. 𝟕𝟕𝟕 𝒎
TRAPEZOIDAL
𝑨
𝑩 = − 𝒛𝒚
𝒚
2 1 + 0.1672 − 0.167 2.7772
𝐵= − 0.167 2.777
2.777
𝐵 = 4.703𝑚
RECTANGULAR
𝑩 = 𝟐𝒚𝒆
𝐵 = 2 2.777 = 𝟓. 𝟓𝟓𝟒 𝒎
TOP WIDTH, T
T=B=5.554 M
HYDRAULIC DEPTH
𝑨 2 1 + 𝑧 2 − 𝑧 𝑦𝑒 2 + 2𝑦𝑒 2
𝑫= =
𝑻 5.554
2 1 + 0.1672 − 0.167 2.7772 + 2 2.777 2
𝐷=
5.554
𝐷 = 5.36 𝑚
• LOCATION - PERWIRA RESIDENTAL COLLEGE (INSIDE)
CURRENT YO
1 0.12
×
𝑧 0.12
Z= 1 SO= 0.003 N= 0.015
𝑦𝑜 = 0.12 𝑚
I) A = BY+ZY2
A = (0.26 M)(0.12 M)+(1)(0.12 M)2
A = 0.0456 𝑚2
II) P = B+2Y√1+Z2
P = 0.26 M+2(0.12 M)√1+12
P = 0.599 𝑚
III) T = B+2ZY
T = 0.26 M+2(1)(0.12 M)
T = 0.5 𝑚
IV) R = A/P
R = 0.0456 𝑚 2/ 0.599 𝑚
R = 0.0761 𝑚
V) D = A/T
D = 0.0456 𝑚 2/0.5 𝑚
D = 0.0912 𝑚

VI) Q = AR2/3SO1/2𝒏

Q = 0.0456 𝑚 2 (0.0761 𝑚)2/3(0.003)1/2(1/0.015)

Q = 0.0299 𝑚 3/S
• FULL YO
1 0.403
×
𝑧 0.12
Z=0.298 SO= 0.003 N= 0.015
𝑦𝑜 = 0.803𝑚
I) A = (BY+ZY2)+BY
A = [0.26(0.403)+0.298(0.403)2]+0.58(0.4)
A = 0.385 𝑚 2
II) P = (B+2Y√1+Z2)+(B+2Y)
P = [0.26+2(0.403)√1+0.2982]+[0.8+2(0.4)]
P = 2.701 𝑚
III) T=B, BECAUSE THE TOP WIDTH IS RECTANGULAR SECTION.
T = 0.58 𝑚
IV) R= A/P
R = 0.385M 𝑚 2/2.701M
R = 0.143 𝑚

V) D = A/T
D = 0.385 M 𝑚 2 / 0.58 𝑚
D = 0.664 𝑚
𝟏

VI) Q = AR2/3SO1/2𝒏

Q = 0.385 𝑚 2(0.143 𝑚)2/3(0.003)1/2(1/0.015)

Q = 0.384 𝑚 3/S
• BEST HYDRAULIC SECTION
Z= 0.298
TRAPEZOIDAL
I) A = (2√1+Z2 –Z)Y2
A = (2√1+(0.298)2 –0.298)YE2
A = 1.789YE2
R= YE/2
𝟏

II) Q= AR2/3SO1/2𝒏

15.85 𝑚 3/S = 1.789YE2(YE/2)2/3(0.003)1/2(1/0.015)

4.341 = 1.789YE8/3/1.587
6.889 =1.789YE8/3
YE= 1.658 𝑚
RECTANGULAR
I) A=2YE2 R= YE/2
4.341=2YE2(YE/2)2/3
4.341=2YE8/3/1.587
6.889=2YE8/3
YE=1.59 𝑚
ΔYE=1.658+1.59=3.248 𝑚
TRAPEZOIDAL
I) B = 1.789(3.248)2/(3.248) – 0.298(3.248)
B = 4.843 𝑚

RECTANGULAR
I) B = 2YE
B = 2(3.248)
B = 6.496 𝑚
• LOCATION 1 – AT TASIK INFRONT OF FKEE
CURRENT YO
𝑦𝑜 = 0.53 𝑚, 𝑛 = 0.021, 𝑆𝑜 = 0.0000002
MANNING METHOD
𝑧 1.02
=
1 0.53
𝑧 = 𝟏. 𝟗𝟐𝟓

AREA WETTED PARAMETER

𝑨 = 𝒛𝒚𝟐 + 𝑩𝒚 𝑷 = 𝑩 + 𝟐𝒚 𝟏 + 𝒛𝟐

𝐴 = 1.925 0.53 2 + 4 0.53 𝑃 = 4 + 2 0.53 1 + 1.9252

𝐴 = 𝟐. 𝟔𝟔𝟏 𝑚2 𝑃 = 𝟔. 𝟐𝟗𝟗 𝑚
HYDRAULIC RADIUS TOP WIDTH
𝑨 2.661
𝑹= = = 0.422 𝑚 𝑻 = 𝑩 + 𝟐𝒛𝒚 = 4 + 2 3.09 0.53
𝑷 6.299
𝟐ൗ 𝟏ൗ
𝑹 𝑺𝒐 𝟐
𝟑
𝑽= T = 𝟕. 𝟐𝟕𝟓 𝑚
𝒏
2ൗ 1ൗ
0.422 0.0000002
3 2 𝑨 2.661
𝑉= 𝐃= = = 0.058𝑚
0.021 𝑻 7.275
𝑉 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏𝟐 𝑚/𝑠
𝑸 = 𝑨𝑽 = 2.661 0.012 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟑𝟐 𝑚3 /𝑠
• FULL YO
𝑦𝑜 = 1.25 𝑚
𝑧 1.02
=
1 1.25
𝑧 = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟏𝟔 𝑚

AREA WETTED PARAMETER

𝑨 = 𝑩𝒚 + 𝒛𝒚𝟐 𝑷 = 𝑩 + 𝟐𝒚 𝟏 + 𝒛𝟐

𝐴 =4 1.25 + 0.816 1.25 2 𝑃 = 4 + 2 1.25 1 + 0.8162

𝐴 = 𝟔. 𝟐𝟕𝟓 𝑚2 𝑃 = 𝟕. 𝟐𝟐𝟖 𝑚
HYDRAULIC RADIUS TOP WIDTH
𝑨
𝑹= T = B = 𝟒𝑚
𝑷
6.275
𝑅= = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟔𝟖 𝑚
7.228

HYDRAULIC DEPTH
𝑨 6.275
𝑫= = = 𝟐. 𝟖𝟏𝟗 𝑚
𝑻 4
𝟐 𝟏
𝑹 ൗ𝟑 𝑺𝒐 ൗ𝟐
𝑽=
𝒏
2ൗ 1
0.868 30.0000002 ൗ2
𝑉=
0.021
𝑉 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏𝟗 𝑚/𝑠
𝑄 = 𝐴𝑉
𝑄 = 6.275 0.019 = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟏𝟗𝒎𝟑 /S
 BEST HYDRAULIC SECTION

𝑄 = 50 𝑚3 /𝑠 , 𝑛 = 0.021, 𝑆𝑜 = 0.0000002, 𝑧 =0.816

𝟐 𝟏
𝑨𝑹𝟑 𝑺𝒐 𝟐 𝑸𝒏
𝑸= → = 𝑨𝑹𝟐/𝟑
𝒏 𝑺𝒐 𝟏/𝟐
TRAPEZOIDAL
𝑨 = 𝟐 𝟏 + 𝒛𝟐 − 𝒛 𝒚𝒆 𝟐 𝑹 = 𝒚𝒆 /𝟐

50 0.021
SO, 1 = 𝐴𝑅2/3
0.00000022
2
𝑦𝑒 3
= 2 1 + 0.8162 𝑦𝑒 2
2
8
8
2.581𝑦𝑒 3
2347.87 = 2347.87= 1.796𝑦𝑒 3
1.587
𝒚𝒆 = 𝟐𝟏. 𝟖𝟑𝟖 𝒎
TRAPEZOIDAL
𝑨
𝑩= − 𝒛𝒚
𝒚
2 1 + 0.8162 − 0.816 21.8382
𝐵= − 0.816 21.838
21.838
𝑩 = 𝟐𝟎. 𝟕𝟑𝟐𝒎
HYDRAULIC DEPTH
𝑨 2 1 + 𝑧 2 − 𝑧 𝑦𝑒 2
𝑫= =
𝑻 56.37
2 1 + 0.8162 − 0.816 21.8382 + 2 21.838 2
𝐷=
56.37
𝐷 = 𝟏𝟒. 𝟗𝟒 𝒎
 CONCLUSION
WE CAN CONCLUDE THE FLOW, Q =
• LOCATION 1 CHANNEL IS 0.984 𝒎3/S WITH AREA OF 0.498 𝒎2.
• LOCATION 2 CHANNEL IS 0.384 𝑚3/S WITH AREA OF 0.385 𝑚2.
• LOCATION 3 CHANNEL IS 0.119 𝑚3/S WITH AREA OF 6.275 𝑚2
PROBLEM RISE :
• LACK OF TECHNICAL TECHNOLOGIES, AN ACCURATE DATA WOULD NOT OBTAIN.
• PARALLAX ERROR
WE RECOMMEND :
• USE SENSOR TECHNOLOGY