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14 - Dielectric Properties 2
14 - Dielectric Properties 2
Lecture 14
Dielectric Properties of
Ceramic Materials 2
1. Barsoum, Fundamental Ceramics, McGraw-Hill, 2000, pp.513–543
2. Richerson, Modern Ceramic Engineering, Dekker, 1992, pp.251–256.
Topics to discuss .......
Dielectric strength
Dielectric loss and dielectric breakdown
Capacitance
Dielectric properties of BaTiO3
Problems
Dielectric Strength
Besides dielectric constant k’, dielectric strength is the second most
important properties of dielectric materials.
Real materials always have some loss. The phase angle between
current and voltage is not exactly 90º; the current lags slightly.
The angle of lag is defined as d and the amount of lag or the
dissipation factor (a.k.a. loss tangent) becomes tan d.
The dielectric loss is a measure of energy dissipated in the
dielectric in unit time when an electric field acts on it.
Loss Tangent = tan d = k¢¢/k¢
k¢¢ = k¢ tan d
k’ = relative dielectric constant
k” = relative loss factor
(
PL = 5.56x10–11 k¢ tan d E 2 f V )
E = applied electric field (V/m)
f = frequency of applied field (Hz)
V = volume of dielectric (m3)
A
C = k¢e0 n -1
d
( )
Dielectric Properties of BaTiO3
N=
( 4 atoms / cell ) x ( 29 electrons / atom)
= 2.46x10 30
electrons / m3
( )
3
-10
3.6151x10 m3 / cell
æ öæ C ö
P = ç 2.46x10
è
30 electrons
m 3
÷
øè
ç1.16x10 -19
÷
electron ø
1x10 -8
x10 (
-10
m )
P = 3.94x10-7 C / m 2
2. The ionic polarization observed in NaCl crystal is 4.3x10–8 C/m2.
Calculate the displacement between Na+ and Cl– ions.
N=
( )(
4 Na +ions / cell x 1 charge/Na+ion ) = 2.4x10 28
charge/m 3
(5.5x10 ) m / cell
3
-10 3
P
k ¢ -1=
e0 E
4.3x10-8 C/m 2
k ¢ -1= = 4.9
(8.85x10 -12
)(
F/m 1000 V/m )
k ¢ = 5.9
4. Calculate the maximum polarization per cubic centimeter and the total
charge that can be stored per square centimeter for barium titanate.
(a) The oxygen ions are at face centers, Ba+2 ions are at cube corners and Ti+4 is at cube
center in cubic BaTi03.
(b) In tetragonal BaTi03 ,the Ti+4 is off-center and the unit cell has a net polarization.
In BaTiO3, the separations are the distances that the Ti4+ and O2- ions are
displaced from the normal lattice points. The charge on each ion is ,q= ze.
4x10-5 C
C = Q /V = = 4x10-9 F
10000 V
e A k ¢e0 A
C= =
d d
A=
Cd
=
( )(
4x10-9 F 0.2x10-3 m ) =
0.09 2
m
k ¢e0 (
k ¢ 8.85x10-12 F/m ) k¢
(a) For vacuum, k’ = 1: A = 0.09 m2
(b) For polyethylene, k’ = 2.26: A = 0.04 m2
(c) For water, k’ = 78.3: A = 1.15x10–3 m2
(d) For BaTiO3, k’ = 3000: A = 3x10–5 m2
6. A mica capacitor 250 mm2 area and 2.5 mm thick is to have a capacitance
of 0.0252 mF. (a) How many plates are needed? (b) What is the maximum
allowable voltage?
A
(
C = k ¢e0 n -1 ) d
( )
n -1 =
Cd
=
( )(
0.0252x10-6 F 2.5x10-6 m
=4
)
( )(
k ¢e0 A 7 8.85x10-12 F/m 250x10-6 m 2 )
n=5 (Five plates with four dielectric layers)
(b) Since E = V/d
V = (40x106 V/m) (2.5x10–6 m) = 100 V