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DR Ranjita Santra (Dhali) Assistant Professor Department of Clinical & Experimental Pharmacology Calcutta School of Tropical Medicine
DR Ranjita Santra (Dhali) Assistant Professor Department of Clinical & Experimental Pharmacology Calcutta School of Tropical Medicine
Assistant Professor
Department of Clinical & Experimental Pharmacology
Calcutta School of Tropical Medicine
Exceptions: Colchicin (acts on tubulin), Cyclosporin (acts via immunophillins), etc.
Ion channels are pore-forming membrane
proteins whose functions include establishing
a resting membrane potential, shaping action
potentials and other electrical signals
by gating the flow of ions across the cell
membrane, controlling the flow of ions
across secretory and epithelial cells, and
regulating cell volume
Schematic diagram of an
ion channel
1 -channel domains(typically
four per channel), 2 - outer
vestibule, 3 - selectivity
filter, 4 - diameter of
selectivity filter, 5 -
phosphorylation site, 6 -cell
membrane.
Ionchannels are considered to be one of the
two traditional classes of ionophoric
proteins, with the other class known as ion
transporters (including the sodium-potassium
pump, sodium-calcium exchanger,
and sodium-glucose transport proteins,
amongst others)
ATP-sensitive K channel
+
Low activation threshold; Main Ca++ source for transmitter release w-Conotoxin
N slow inactivation by nerve terminals (snail venom)
unknown
Levocromakalim
Bimakalim
Rilmakalim
Mibefradil
Phenytoin
Zonisamide
Penfluridol
Amiloride
Valproate
Pimozide
Encoded by 9 genes- CLCN1- CLCN9
Myotonia congenita (MC) was the first human disease
proven to be caused by an ion channel defect, thus
leading to the discovery of the CLCN1 gene encoding
the ClC-1 channel responsible for the high Cl
conductance of skeletal muscle membrane
Blockers – under development
Openers – Lubiprostone, approved by US FDA for
chronic constipation
CLC openers- useful for hereditary channelopathies &
epilepsies
In vitro study – ACTZ, intracellular biochemical
pathways
The -aminobutyric acid and glycine receptors
(GABA-A and GlyR) are the major inhibitory
neurotransmitter-gated receptors in the CNS
After neurotransmitter binding, the ingress of Cl ions
within the cell hyperpolarizes the postsynaptic
membrane, resulting in neurotransmission inhibition
No therapeutic ligands –- GlyR
BZDs & Phenobarbital – Epilepsies
Drugs acting on B3 subunit of GABA-A receptor -
Chronic Insomnia
Alpha1 & Gamma 2 mutations (GABA-A receptor) -
BZDs
Nicotinic ACh receptors, glutamate receptors,
and serotoninergic receptors
No effective NAch receptor modulator till now
in epilepsy & channelopathies
Glutamate antagonists – AD, PD, HC, ALS,
melanoma, neutopathic pain
HT3 receptor channel – antinociception &
antiemetics
Glutamate agonists – Schizophrenia (proposed)