Voice Networks

Introduction

 Syllabus & Teaching Plan

Definition

 Communication: Process of exchanging information

[thoughts, ideas &feelings] to one another
 Voice Frequency: 300 Hz to 3.4 kHz
 Network: A set of entities and the pre-defined relationship
between them for efficient connectivity
Evaluation of Telecommunication
 1844: Morse patents the Telegraph
 1876: Bell patents the Telephony
 1887: Hertz discovers Radio Waves
 1895: Marconi demonstrates wireless telegraphy
 1901: Marconi makes first radio transmission
 1903:The ‘Fleming’ valve was invited
 1906: De Forest invents the triode vacuum tube & first
radiotelephone broadcast
 1923: Television was invented
 1931: Radio astronomy was discovered
 1940-45: RADAR was perfected
 1948: Transistor was invented
 1954: Colour TV broadcasting begins
 1959: IC was invented
 1960: Computers & Text editors were invented
 1962: First Communication Satellite
 1969: Computer Networking
 1981: Mobile Communication
 1983: Internet
 1990s:GPS services started
 1996: WiFi
 2001: WIMAX
Cellular Evolution Timeline
1G (AMPS, NMT, TACS) 1981
 Analogue voice transmission

2G (GSM, IS-54, PDC, IS-95) 1991 - 95

 Digital cellular
 Digital voice, low-speed circuit data (9.6 Kbps), SMS

2.5G (GPRS, CDMA-One) 1999 - 00

 Introduction of packet data
 Improved voice, medium speed CS and PS data (~100 Kbps),
enhanced SMS
AMPS Advanced Mobile Phone System
NMT Nordic Mobile Telephone
TACS Total Access Communication System
GSM Global System for Mobile
IS Interim Standard
PDC Personal Digital Cellular
GPRS General Packet Radio Services
CDMA Code Division Multiple Access
3G (WCDMA, EDGE, CDMA2000, …) 2002 - 03
 IMT-2000 requirements, Improved voice, high speed PS data
(384Kbps - 2 Mbps)
 Improved spectral efficiency and capacity, Multimedia applications

3.5G (HSPA, 1xEV-DO, 1xEV-DV) 2003 - Present

 High speed packet data (2-14 Mbps)

4G (LTE, UMB, IEEE 802.16m, …) 2010 (?)

WCDMA Wideband CDMA

EDGE Enhanced Data rates for Global Evolution
IMT International Mobile Telecommunications
HSPA High Speed Packet Access
EV-DO Evolution Data Optimized
EV-DV Evolution Data-Voice
1x“ meaning "1 times Radio Transmission Technology", indicates the same RF bandwidth as IS-95
LTE Long Term Evolution
UMB Ultra Mobile Broadband (Pre-4G)
Telephony
 Manual Xge
 Automatic Xge
- Strowger Xge
- Cross Bar Xge
- Electronics Xge
The Telephone System

ANALOGUE DIGITAL ANALOGUE

Pulse
.
Code Modulation

 The basis of analog to digital conversion is Nyquist’s Rate.

 The theory states that after transmission the original signal
can be reproduced within certain limits from digital signal
obtained by Sampling an analog at regular intervals and at a
rate at least twice the highest significant message frequency.
 The PCM Consists of 3 steps.
Sampling
Quantization
Coding
Sampling

Audio Signal T1 T2 T3
time
T4 T5 T6 T7

Pulse Amplitude Modulated (PAM) signal

T1 T2 T3
Sampler Output time
T4 T5 T6 T7

1. Voice Frequency 4 KHz

2. Sampling 4 KHz * 2 = 8 KHz
Quantization & Encoding

 For Quantization :A- Law or µ law is used.

 In µ-law the decoder output value number is 0 to 127 for positive

and 0 to 127 for Negative.

 While in A- Law ,the decoder output value number is 1 to128 for

positive and 1 to 128 for negative.

 Quantizing = Amplitude is given a certain value.

Encoding = 8 KHz * 8 = 64 KHz
Quantization & Encoding
PCM Signal Data Rate

8000 8
samples x bits per = 64kbit/s
per sec sample