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Chapter 1 Variables (Revised)
Chapter 1 Variables (Revised)
VARIABLES
The word variable is derived from the root word “vary”.
Jack, R. F., Norman, W., & Helen, H. H. (2016). How to Design and Evaluate Research in Education. New
York: McGraw- Hill.
TYPES OF VARIABLES
INDEPENDENT
VARIABLE
DEPENDENT
VARIABLE
INTERVENING
VARIABLE
CONSTANT
VARIABLE
EXTRANEOUS
VARIABLE
MODERATOR
VARIABLE
INDEPENDENT VARIABLES
Are those that the researcher has control over.
For example:
The effectiveness of using Digital Storytelling to improve
narrative writing skill.
Outcome variable.
For example:
Answers:
Independent Dependent
a drug cancer
b days taken getting sick
c Temperature of water Time to cook an egg
Variables. (n.d.). Retrieved March 5, 2017, from
http://linguistics.byu.edu/faculty/henrichsen/ResearchMethods/RM_2_14.html
OTHER NAMES FOR DEPENDENT AND
INDEPENDENT VARIABLES
Predict Predictor
Regress Regressor
Response Stimulus
Outcome Covariate
Controlled Control
INTERVENING VARIABLES
Known as Mediating variables.
A control variable that follows an independent variable but precedes
the dependent variable in a causal sequence.
It is a variable whose existence is inferred but it cannot be measured.
They are not real variables.
They are interpretations of observed facts, not facts themselves. But
they create the illusion of being facts.
For example,
The effectiveness of using Digital Storytelling to improve narrative
writing skill.
Hall, R. (1998). Extraneous and Confounding Variables and Systematic vs Non-Systematic Error.
Retrieved March 5, 2017, from https://web.mst.edu/~psyworld/extraneous.htm.
MODERATOR VARIABLES
secondary independent variable.
x y