Originea si evolutia pasarilor

Archaepteryx lithographica
 Archaepteryx lithographica

Ce mai veche pasare fosila (150 mya, perioada Jurassica)

Se cunosc sase exemplare the first was found in Germany in 1861
De dimensiunea unui corb
Cutie craniana mica (pasarile au cutie craniana mare)
Cioc cu dinti
Aripi si coada cu pene lungi
Corp acoperit cu pene
Claviculele sudate
Probabil nu se deplasa prin zbor activ
No keel (no active flight but probably able to achieve “ground up” flapping flight)
Gheare la membrele anterioare cu care se catarau in copaci
 Pasare nezburatoare sau dinosaur cu pene?

Nu este o pasare ci un dinosaur

pradator cu corpul acoperit cu
penaj

Descoperit in China

Numeroase specii de dinosauri

aveau pene
 Stramosii pasarilor
Evolutia din reptile Evolutia din Dinosaurieni
Descendenti ai Tecodontelor Descendenti ai Theropodelor
Sprijin
-Unele erau arboricole, cataratoare -Morrfologia scheletului este similara
(par a fi precursori mai probabili ai zborului -se cunosc dinosaurieni cu pene
-Unii dinozauri depuneau oua in cuiburi
-forma similara a corpului pe care le incubau
(aplatizata)

Probleme
-Nu se cunosc fosile - Ground up, evolution of flight (these
were fast running animals)
- Why would feathers evolve before
flight (kiwi feathers)
 Evolutia zborului

Rolul penelor
incalzire
swat insects
leaping-insectivore
flight/arboreal

Cursorial theory (ground up) – receiving more support

Arboreal theory (trees down) – often the favored theory

Parental care theory – recent theory

Which ever theory is correct flight facilitated the rapid diversification of

birds
 Theropod
Thecodont
Feduccia’s view
Dinosaurs with down feathers are incorrect

Evolution of ground-up flight is improbable

Archaepteryx was not the precursor to birds

Death of Dinosaurs would have killed most birds

Birds evolved only 10mya as opposed to 80m mya

Birds evolved from reptiles

Modern birds evolved from shorebirds

Evolutia pasarilor moderne
Figure 4 Strict consensus of five most parsimonious cladograms (length, 354;
CI, 0.69; RI, 0.81; RC, 0.56) indicating the placement of Apsaravis ukhaana in an
analysis (using PAUP*4.0b2a25) of 199 characters and 17 taxa (see
Supplementary Information). Norell and Clarke (2001)
 The family history of Birds

Cretaceous (125 mya)

Cenozoic (60 mya)

Miocene (15 mya)

~750 spp. ~1000 spp.

~960 spp.
~1550 spp.
~900 spp.
~3,700 spp.
Dendroica warblers –
27 species of Dendroica wood-warblers in North America

Dendroica species exhibit high levels of local sympatry and differ in plumage and song
(different than Hawaiian honeycreepers and Galapagos finches)

Dendroica tend to partition resources behaviorally and have become a widely cited
example of competitive exclusion.

Lovette and Bermingham (1999) explored the temporal structure of Dendroica using
mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA).

Speciation of Dendroica has been clustered non-randomly with respect to time

In North America, an abrupt rise in temperature & aridity occurred near the Miocene -
Pliocene boundary

This sequence of paleoenvironmental changes suggests that the many Dendroica

lineages may have initially differentiated allopatrically in the forest refugia of the Early
Pliocene, followed by ecological reinforcement of adaptive differentiation during
secondary contact in the expanded forests of the Middle Pliocene
Dendroica warblers
Cintezele lui Darwin
Speciation via historic vicariate events
LOTS MORE TO COME ON SPECIES
AND SPECIATION