BAGIAN FISIOLOGI

FK UNISBA
 Review the function of each part of Male and
Female Reproductive organ
 Regulation of hormones on Male
Reproductive
 Regulation of hormones on Female
Reproductive
 Reproductive Cycle on Female Reproductive
include
 Ovarian Cycle
 Menstrual Cycle
 Male reproductive system
 Testes : Produce sperm and secrete the male sex
hormone testosterone
 Hypothalamus
 Male reproductive duct : transport, store and
assist in maturation of sperm, conveys sperm to
the exterior Accessory sex glands: secrete most
of the liquid portion of semen
 Penis contains the urethra : a passageway for
ejaculation of semen and excretion of urine
 Scrotum : supporting structure for the testes

 Female reproductive system
 Ovaries : produce secondary oocytes and hormones,
including progesterone and estrogens (female sex
hormones), inhibin and relaxin
 Uterine tubes (fallopian tube) : transport a secondary
oocyte to the uterus and normally are the sites where
fertilization occurs
 Uterus : site of implantation of a fertilized ovum,
development of the fetus during pregnancy, and labor
 Vagina : receives the penis during sexual intercourse
and is a passageway for childbirth
 Mammary glands : synthesize, secrete and eject milk
for nourishmentof the newborn
 Seminiferous tubules: produce sperm (spermatogenesis)
 Spermatogenic cells : the sperm-forming cells
 Starting at puberty, sperm production begins at the periphery of
the seminiferous tubule.
 (Students had been learnt about spermatogenesis)

Sertoli cells : supporting spermatogenesis

 Nourish spermatocytes, spermatids and sperm
 Phagocytize excess spermatid cytoplasm as development
proceeds
 Control movements of spermatogenic cells
 Release of sperm into the lumen of the seminiferous tubule
 Produce fluid for sperm transport
 Secrete androgen-binding protein and the hormone inhibin
 Mediate the effect of testosterone and FSH
 Leydig cells (interstitial endocrinocytes) : the cluster of cells that lie in the
space between adjacent seminiferous tubules.
 Secrete testosterone (the most prevalent androgen)
The functions of androgen:
 Promote development of masculine characteristics
 Promote libido (sexual desire) in both male and female
 Scrotum
The function of scrotum : regulate the temperature of the testes.
 Normal sperm production requires a temperature about 2-3oC below
core body temperature. This lowered temperature is maintained within
the scrotum because it is outside the pelvic cavity.
 The cremaster muscle elevates the testes upon exposure to cold (and
during sexual arousal). This action moves the testes closer to the pelvic
cavity, where they can absorb body heat. Exposure to warmth reverses
the process.
 The dartos muscle also contracts in response to cold and relaxes in
response to warmth
 Epididymis :
 The site where sperm mature  acquire motility and the
ability to fertilize an ovum
 Stores sperm and helps propel sperm by peristaltic
contraction of this smooth muscle into the ductus (vas)
deferens. Sperm may remain in storage in the ductus
epididymis for a month or more
 Ductus deferens :
 Strores sperm, which can remain viable here for up to
several months.
 Conveys sperm from the epididymis toward the urethra by
peristaltic contractions of the muscular coat. Sperm that
are not ejaculated are eventually reabsorb.
 Spermatic cord :
 A supporting structure that ascends out of the
scrotum
 Ejaculatory ducts :
 Eject sperm and seminal vesicle secretion to the
prostatic urethra just before ejaculation
 Urethra
 A passageway for both semen and urine
 Prostatic urethra
 Membranous urethra
 Spongy (penile) urethra
Seminal vesicle:
 Secrete: alkaline, viscous fluid (60% semen
volume) containing fructose, prostaglandins,
clotting proteins.
 Alkaline to neutralize the acidic environment.
 Fructose for ATP production of the sperm.
 Prostaglandin for sperm motility and viability,
stimulate smooth muscle contraction within
female.
 Clotting proteins for semen coagulation after
ejaculation.
Prostate:
 Secrete: milky, slightly acidic fluid (25 % semen volume )
 Citric acid for ATP production.
 Proteolytic enzymes: prostate-specific antigen (PSA), pepsinogen,
lysozyme, amylase, hyaluroindase (breakdown the clotting
proteins from the seminal vesicles).
 Acid phosphatase: function unknown.
 Seminalplasmin: antibiotic.

Bulbourethral gland:
 Secrete: alkaline fluid, mucus
 Alkaline fluid: protect the sperm by neutralizing acids from urine.
 Mucus: lubricates the end of the penis, lining the urethra 
decrease the number of sperm damaged during ejaculation.
 Erection:
The Enlargement and Stiffening of the Penis :
upon sexual stimulation, which may be visual,
tactile, auditory, olfactory or imagined the artery
supplying the penis dilate, and large quantities
of blood enter the blood sinuses.
Expansion of these spaces compresses the
veins draining the penis so blood outflow is
slowed. These vascular changes due to local
release of nitric oxide and parasympathetic
reflex
Ejaculation :
 Sympathetic reflex that make the smooth
muscle sphincter at the base of urinary bladder
closes so urine can expelled during ejaculation.
 On this action some semen expelled from penis.
Ejaculation include emission and expulsion. The
volume and sperm content of ejaculate depend
on the length of time between ejaculations.
 The average human ejaculate contains about
180 million sperm but can be reach 400 million
sperm, the semen ranging from 2-6 ml.
 At puberty secretion of GnRH is increased,
 GnRH stimulates FSH and LH,
 LH stimulates Leydig cells (interstitial cells) to secrete testosterone.
 In the external genitals and prostate, testosterone is converted to
dihydrotestosterone (DHT) by 5-alpha reductase.
 FSH indirectly stimulate spermatogenesis.
 FSH and testosterone stimulate secretion of androgen-binding protein
by Sertoli cells.
 Release of FSH is stimulated by GnRH and inhibited by inhibin.
 Relase of LH is stimulated by GnRH and inhibited by testosterone.
 Effects of Testosterone and DHT:
- Male pattern of development (before birth),
- Enlargement of male sex organs and expression of male secondary sex
characteristics (starting at puberty),
- Anabolism (protein synthesis).
Progesterone is secreted mainly by the corpus luteum
 Cooperates with estrogen to prepare and maintain
the endometrium for implantation of a fertilized
ovum and to prepare the mammary glands for milk
secretion.
 High levels of progesterone also inhibit secretion of
GnRH and LH.
 Inhibin is secreted by granullosa cells of growing
follicles and by the corpus luteum after ovulation.
 Inhibit secretion of FSH and to a lesser extent, LH.
Relaxin is secreted by corpus luteum (small
quantity)  to relaxes the uterus by inhibiting
contractions of the myometrium.
 During pregnancy, the placenta produces much
more relaxin, and it continues to relax uterine
smooth muscle.
 At the end of pregnancy, relaxin also increases
the flexibility of the pubic symphysis and may
help dilate the uterine cervix, both of which ease
delivery of the baby.
Terms related to Female Reproductive Cycle
 Ovarian cycle: a series of events in the ovaries
that occur during and after the maturation of an
oocyte.
 Uterine (menstrual) cycle: a concurrent series of
changes in the endometrium of the uterus for
receiving the fertilized ovum.
 Female reproductive cycle: encompass the
ovarian and uterine cycles, hormonal changes,
related cyclical changes in the breast and cervix
Hormonal Regulation
 GnRH stimulates FSH and LH.
 FSH initiates follicular growth, LH stimulates further
development of the ovarian follicles.
 LH stimulates the theca cells to produce androgens.
 FSH influence androgens uptake by the granulosa
cells to be converted into estrogens.
 At midcycle: LH triggers ovulation, promotes
formation of the corpus luteum.
 Corpus luteum produces and secretes estrogens,
progesterone, relaxin and inhibin.

Phases of the Female Reproductive Cycle
 Menstrual Phase (Menstruation, Menses)
 Pre-ovulatory Phase (Proliferation Phase)
 Menstruation and Proliferation Phase= Follicular phase.
 Ovulation
 Post-ovulatory Phase (Secretory Phase)
Terms related to Female Reproductive Cycle
 Ovarian cycle: a series of events in the ovaries
that occur during and after the maturation of an
oocyte.
 Uterine (menstrual) cycle: a concurrent series of
changes in the endometrium of the uterus for
receiving the fertilized ovum.
 Female reproductive cycle: encompass the
ovarian and uterine cycles, hormonal changes,
related cyclical changes in the breast and cervix
Hormonal Regulation
 GnRH stimulates FSH and LH.
 FSH initiates follicular growth, LH stimulates further
development of the ovarian follicles.
 LH stimulates the theca cells to produce androgens.
 FSH influence androgens uptake by the granulosa
cells to be converted into estrogens.
 At midcycle: LH triggers ovulation, promotes
formation of the corpus luteum.
 Corpus luteum produces and secretes estrogens,
progesterone, relaxin and inhibin.
