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Chapter 7 Measurement of High Voltage
Chapter 7 Measurement of High Voltage
Chapter 7 Measurement of High Voltage
MEASUREMENT SYSTEMS
Test Setup
Voltage Divider
Measurement Cable
Digitizer
Current Measurements
1
HIGH VOLTAGE MEASUREMENT SYSTEM
2
HIGH VOLTAGE MEASUREMENT SYSTEM
Z1
Attenuator
Zc
0.1 kV
Z2 Rin
Voltage divider
1000 kV
Voltage Cable
Test
Source
Object Instrument
1 kV
3
VOLTAGE DIVIDER
4
VOLTAGE DIVIDER
Parallel
Damped Resistive
Resistive Capacitive Capacitive and
Capacitive
R1 R1
C1 C1 R1
C1
Uin Uin Uin Uin
R2 Uout Uout R2 Uout R2 Uout
C2 C2
C2
Divider Type DC AC SI LI
High Ohmic (MΩ) ++ + + -
Resistive
Low Ohmic (kΩ) - - - ++
Capacitive -- ++ ++ -
Damped Capacitive -- + ++ ++
Parallel Resistive and Capacitive + + + +
++ works well + works - problems or limitations -- cannot be used
5
STRAY CAPACITANCE
Ci
6
HIGH RESITANCE DIVIDER (MΩ)
Optimal: DC average value
Also: LI peak value, time parameters, overshoot
RH (small R better for measuring LI)
1 GΩ
• Stray capacitance to ground (or HV objects)
Stray • In a 2 GΩ divider for measurement of 200 kV a stray
capacitance of 10 pF forms a low pass filter 1 GΩ
Capacitance • Filter attenuates fluctuations and restricts measurement speed (τ
200 kV
10 pF
=RC)
10 kΩ 1V
7
LOW RESITANCE DIVIDER (kΩ)
8
FIELD GRADING
In order to avoid low pass filtering effect, the field along the high voltage
resistor must be matched with the resistance distribution
Using a shield or guard ring placed over a resistive divider to enforce a uniform
field
U
5/6 U
4/6 U An alternative is to
make non-linear
resistance distribution
3/6 U according to the field
2/6 U
1/6 U
9
STRAY CAPACITANCE COMPENSATION
Added
compensation
Stray capacitors
capacitance
10
EMRP 1000 kV DC Reference Voltage Divider (MIKES)
Modular resistive divider with capacitive shields to compensate the parasitic
effects of stray capacitance
11
CAPACITIVE DIVIDER
Optimal: DC: only ripple
AC: peak value, RMS value, overshoot
CH SI: peak value and time parameters
• Small capacitance to avoid modifying waveform
Uin • Large enough to minimize effects of stray capacitance
1
jC L CH Also: LI: peak value, time parameters and
CL U out U in U in overshoot
1
1 CL CH
• polarization of dielectric might not be fast
jC L jC H enough to follow fast time-varying voltage
Uout
12
DAMPED CAPACITIVE DIVIDER
R1 C2 L1
R2 C1 L2
1. Excessively over-damped 2. Over-damped
3. Typical 4. Excessive overshoot
5. DC-offset
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MEASUREMENT CABLE
U
If the measurement cable is not
matched with the instruments (Z1
1 ≠ Z2), the signal will be reflected
many times before it settles.
• Speed of light c = 30 cm/ns
• Velocity of signal in cable v = 77% (~ 23
cm/ns)
• 20 m cable ∆t ≈ 87 ns
0 ∆t
(C3 = C1 + C2 – Ck)
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RECORDING INSTRUMENTS
Resolution
• The resolution (8bits) of standard oscilloscopes is
the minimum that can be accepted for impulse
measurements.
• Often higher resolution (10 or 12 bits) is needed to
detect changes when the test results are analyzed.
Bandwidth
• Bandwidth has to be >25 MHz.
• Settling of the step response is critical.
Software
• Special software is needed for evaluation of
impulse parameters.
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Analogue Risetime
LeCroy Samples
Bandwidth [10-90%]
WaveMaster 8600A 6 GHz 75 ps 20 GS/s = 1 S/50 ps
SDA 11000 11 GHz 40 ps 40 GS/s = 1 S/25 ps
SDA 830Zi 30 GHz 15.5 ps 80 GS/s = 1 S/12.5 ps
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CURRENT MEASUREMENTS
Shunts
Rogowski Coil
17
CURRENT MEASUREMENTS
Small DC measured using multimeter (volt-ohm-millammeter)
18
CURRENT SHUNTS
Inductance of resistor has a significant role on measurements
u
uR uL i uR u
uL
i R L
Inductance is minimized by ensuring that the magnetic fields of the conducting paths cancel
each other out
i R R
i R i
Shunt designs can be: a
b c u
• Coaxial (a) u u
• Radial (b)
• or otherwise symmetrical
structure. e.g. loop (c)
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ROGOWSKI COIL
R di 1 di
u2 Ri 2
L M 1 dt
dt
u2
RC M 1 dt
dt
20