Nervous System

Body systems
maintain Homeostasis
homeostasis

Homeostasis is
essential for
survival of cells

Plasma
membrane
Membrane
- + Potential
Cells
- +
Cells make up
body systems - +

Fig. 3-CO, p. 42
 Choline

- Head
Phosphate
(polar, hydrophilic)

Glycerol

Fatty acid

Tails
(nonpolar, hydrophobic)

- = Negative charge on phosphate group Fig. 3-2a, p. 44

 ECF (water)

Polar heads
(hydrophilic)

Nonpolar tails
Lipid bilayer
(hydrophobic)

Polar heads
(hydrophilic)

ICF (water)

Fig. 3-2b, p. 44
 Lipid bilayer

Intracellular
fluid

Extracellular
fluid

Fig. 3-2c, p. 44
 Glycoprotein Glycolipid Extracellular fluid
Carbohydrate
chain

Lipid bilayer

Dark line
Cholesterol Various Light space
molecule membrane
Dark line
Channel proteins
Appearance using
Phospholipid molecule Intracellular fluid an electron microscope

Fig. 3-3, p. 45
 Cell 1 cytosol Cell 2 cytosol

Spot
Cytoplasm thickening desmosome
(plaque)

Intercellular
filaments

20 nm

Intracellular
keratin filaments
Interacting plasma
membranes Fig. 3-4, p. 48
 Lumen (contains undigested food
and potent digestive enzymes)

No passage Selective passage

Luminal between cells through cells
border

Tight Lateral
junction border

Cell 1 Cell 2

Epithelial cell Basolateral

lining intestine border

Blood vessel Fig. 3-5 (1), p. 49

Cell 1 cytosol Cell 2 cytosol

Strands of
junctional
proteins

Tight
junction Kiss site

Intercellular
space

Interacting plasma
membranes Fig. 3-5 (2), p. 49
Cell 1 cytosol Cell 2 cytosol

Connexon

Gap junction

Diameter of Longitudinal section

channel = 1.5 nm of connexon

Passage of ions
and small molecules
No passage of
large molecules

2–4 nm

Interacting plasma
membranes
Fig. 3-6, p. 50
 Diffusion from area A
to area B
Diffusion from area B
to area A
Net diffusion
(diffusion from area A
= Solute molecule to area B minus diffusion
from area B to area A)
Fig. 3-7a, p. 51
 Diffusion from area A
to area B
Diffusion from area B
to area A
No net diffusion
(diffusion from area A
to area B equals diffusion
= Solute molecule
from area B to area A) Fig. 3-7b, p. 51
If a substance can If the membrane is
permeate the membrane: impermeable to a substance:

Fig. 3-8, p. 51
Table 3-1, p. 52
100% water concentration 90% water concentration
0% solute concentration 10% solute concentration

= Water molecule = Solute molecule

Fig. 3-9, p. 53
 Membrane

H2O

Higher H2O Lower H2O

concentration, concentration,
lower solute higher solute
concentration concentration

= Water molecule = Solute molecule

Fig. 3-10, p. 53
 Membrane (permeable to both water and solute)
Side 1 Side 2

H2O moves from side 1 to side 2

down its concentration gradient
H2O

Solute Solute moves from side 2 to side 1

down its concentration gradient

Higher H2O concentration, Lower H2O concentration,

lower solute concentration higher solute concentration

Side 1 Side 2
• Water concentrations equal
• Solute concentrations equal
• No further net diffusion
• Steady state exists

= Water molecule
= Solute molecule
Fig. 3-11, p. 53
Membrane (permeable to H2O but impermeable to solute)

Side 1 Side 2
H2O moves from side 1 to side 2
H2O down its concentration gradient

Solute unable to move from side 2 to

side 1 down its concentration gradient

Higher H2O concentration, Lower H2O concentration,

lower solute concentration higher solute concentration

Side 1 Side 2

• Water concentrations equal Original

• Solute concentrations equal level of
• No further net diffusion solutions
• Steady state exists

= Water molecule
= Solute molecule
Fig. 3-12, p. 54
 Membrane (permeable to H2O but impermeable to solute)

Side 1 Side 2
H2O moves from side 1 to side 2
H2O down its concentration gradient

Solute unable to move from side 2 to

side 1 down its concentration gradient

Pure water Lower H2O concentration,

higher solute concentration
• Water concentrations not equal
• Solute concentrations not equal Side 1 Side 2
• Tendency for water to diffuse by
osmosis into side 2 is exactly Hydrostatic
balanced by opposing tendency for (fluid) Original
hydrostatic pressure difference to pressure level of
push water into side 1 difference solutions
• Osmosis ceases
• Opposing pressure necessary to Osmosis
completely stop osmosis is equal
to osmotic pressure of solution Hydrostatic
= Water molecule pressure
= Solute molecule Fig. 3-13, p. 54
Step 1 Molecule to be
transported

Concentration
gradient
ECF (High)
Conformation X of
carrier (binding sites
exposed to ECF) Plasma
Molecule to be membrane
transported binds to
carrier
ICF (Low)

Carrier molecule

Fig. 3-14a, p. 56
Step 2

Conformation Y
Conformation X of carrier
of carrier

On binding with
molecules to be
transported, carrier
changes its
conformation

Fig. 3-14b, p. 56
 Step 3

Direction of
transport

ECF

Conformation Y of
carrier (binding sites
exposed to ICF)
Transported molecule
detaches from carrier

ICF

Fig. 3-14c, p. 56
Step 4

ECF

Conformation X of
carrier (binding sites
exposed to ECF)
After detachment,
carrier reverts to
original shape
ICF

Fig. 3-14d, p. 56
 Simple diffusion
down concentration
gradient

Carrier-mediated
transport down
Rate of concentration gradient
T
transport m (facilitated diffusion)
of molecule
into cell

Low High
Concentration of transported
molecules in ECF

Fig. 3-15, p. 57
 Concentration
gradient

ECF (High)

Na+
ICF (Low)
Phosphorylated Dephosphorylated
conformation Y conformation X Direction of
of carrier of carrier transport

Molecule to be
transported Step 2
Step 1

Phosphorylated conformation Y of Dephosphorylated conformation X

carrier has high affinity for passenger. of carrier has low affinity for = phosphate
Molecule to be transported binds to passenger. Transported molecule
carrier on low-concentration side. detaches from carrier on high-concentration side.

Fig. 3-16, p. 58
When open to the ECF, the carrier drops off Na + on its high-concentration
side and picks up K+ from its low-concentration side

ECF

ICF

When open to the ICF, the carrier picks up Na + from its low-concentration
side and drops off K+ on its high-concentration side

Phosphorylated conformation Y Dephosphorylated

of Na+–K+ pump has high affinity conformation X of Na+–K+
for Na+ and low affinity for K+ pump has high affinity for
when exposed to ICF K+ and low affinity for Na+
when exposed to ECF

= Sodium (Na+) = Potassium (K+) = Phosphate

Fig. 3-17, p. 59
Table 3-2a, p. 60
Table 3-2b, p. 60
 Membrane

Membrane has no potential

Fig. 3-18a, p. 62
 Membrane

Membrane has potential

Fig. 3-18b, p. 62
 Membrane

Remainder of Separated charges Remainder of

fluid electrically responsible for fluid electrically
neutral potential neutral

Fig. 3-18c, p. 62
Plasma membrane

Fig. 3-18d, p. 62
Fig. 3-18e, p. 62
Table 3-3, p. 62
Plasma membrane

ECF ICF

Electrical Concentration
gradient for K+ gradient for K+

EK+ = –90 mV

Fig. 3-19, p. 63
Plasma membrane

ECF ICF

Concentration
gradient for Na+

Electrical
gradient for Na+

ENa+ = +60 mV

Fig. 3-20, p. 64
 Plasma membrane

ECF ICF Relatively large net

diffusion of K+
outward establishes
an EK+ of –90 mV

No diffusion of A–
across membrane

Relatively small net

diffusion of Na+
inward neutralizes
some of the
potential created by
K+ alone

Resting membrane potential = –70 mV

(A– = Large intracellular anionic proteins)

Fig. 3-21, p. 65
Points to Ponder #3, p.
Carrier Mediated

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Ion Concentration

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Resting Potential

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