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Reproduction System Male and Female
Reproduction System Male and Female
IN HUMAN
A.ZULFA JUNIARTO
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Reproductive System
Reproduction is the process by which new
individuals of a species are produced and the
genetic material is passed from generation to
generation.
Functions Male
Production of sperm in the testes.
Sustaining and transfer of the sperm cells to the
female.
Production of male sex hormones
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Reproductive System
Functions Female
• Production of ova (eggs) in the ovaries.
• Reception of sperm from the male.
• Nurturing the development of and providing
nourishment for the growing fetus.
• Production of female sex hormones
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Male Reproductive System
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• The scrotum is a sac that houses, supports,
and protects the testes. It consists of skin,
superficial fascia and a thin layer of muscle.
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• The testes descend into the scrotum through
the inguinal canals during the seventh
month of fetal development. Failure of the
testes to descend is called cryptorchidism.
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Male Reproductive System
Secondary oocytes and sperm are collectively
called gametes and are produced in gonads.
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• Germ cells divide by meiosis to produce
nonidentical gametes, in which the pairs of
chromosomes are split so that the gamete
has only 23 chromosomes. Gametes are said
to be haploid.
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• The bulbourethral (Cowper’s) glands
secrete mucus for lubrication and an
alkaline substance.
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Male Reproductive System
The penis is composed of erectile tissue
consisting of a root, body (shaft), and glans
penis.
The two corpora cavernosa form the dorsum
and the sides of the penis, while the corpus
spongiosum forms the ventral portion and the
glans penis, and it encloses the spongy urethra.
Expansion of the blood sinuses under the
influence of sexual excitation is called erection.
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Male Reproductive Physiology
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Male Reproductive Physiology
Regulation of Sex Hormone Secretion
Effects of Testosterone
• Testosterone causes enlargement of the genitals
and its necessary for spermatogenesis.
• Testosterone is responsible for the development
of secondary sex characteristics.
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TENGKYU
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Female Reproductive System
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Female Reproductive System
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• They function to produce secondary
oocytes, discharge secondary oocytes
(ovulation), and secrete estrogens,
progesterone, relaxin, and inhibin.
• Oogenesis (production of haploid
secondary oocytes) begins in the ovaries.
• The oogenesis sequence includes
reduction division (meiosis I) and equatorial
division (meiosis II), which goes to
completion only after an ovulated secondary
oocyte is fertilized by a sperm cell.
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Female Reproductive System
The uterine tubes transport secondary oocytes
from the ovaries to the uterus and are the normal
sites of fertilization.
Ciliated cells and peristaltic contractions help
move a secondary oocyte or fertilized ovum
towards the uterus.
The uterus is an organ the size and shape of an
inverted pear that functions in implantation of a
fertilized ovum, development of a fetus during
pregnancy, and labor.
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It also is part of the pathway for sperm to
reach the uterine tubes to fertilize a
secondary oocyte.
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Female Reproductive System
The mammary glands are modified sweat
glands located in the dermal adipose layer,
lying superficial to the pectoralis major
muscles. Their function is to synthesize,
secrete, and eject milk (Lactation).
Mammary gland development depends on
estrogens, and progesterone.
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• Milk production is stimulated by prolactin,
estrogen, and progesterone. Milk ejection
is stimulated by oxytocin.
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• Progesterone works with estrogens to
prepare the endometrium for
implantation and the mammary
glands for milk synthesis.
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Female Reproductive System
The menstrual or uterine cycle consists of a
menstrual phase (days 1-5), preovulatory
phase (days 6-13), ovulation (day 14), and the
postovulatory phase (day 15-28).
During the menstrual phase, the stratum
functionalis of the endometrium is shed,
discharging blood, tissue fluid, mucus, and
epithelial cells.
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During the preovulatory phase, a group
of follicles in the ovaries begin to undergo
final maturation. One follicle outgrows
the others and becomes dominant while
the others degenerate. At the same time
endometrial repair occurs in the uterus.
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Female Reproductive System
Ovulation is the rupture of the dominant
mature (Graafian) follicle and the release of a
secondary oocyte into the pelvic cavity. It is
brought about by a surge of LH.
Signs of ovulation include increased basal
body temperature; clear, stretchy cervical
mucus; changes in the uterine cervix; and
ovarian pain.
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• During the postovulatory phase, both
progesterone and estrogens are secreted
in large quantity by the corpus luteum of
the ovary and the uterine endometrium
thickens in readiness for implantation.
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• hCG is a hormone produced by the
chorion of the embryo as early as 8-12
days after fertilization. The chorion
eventually develops into part of the
placenta and the presence of hCG in
maternal blood of urine is an indication of
pregnancy.
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Human Sexual Response
The similar sequence of changes experienced
by both males and females before, during,
and after intercourse is termed the human
sexual response.
Masters and Johnson described it as