A TECHNICAL SEMINAR

ON
RADAR COMMUNICATION SYSTEM
SOURAV SAHOO

YEAR 2007-2011
 Introduction

 RADAR stands for Radio Detection and Ranging

 It radiates energy in the space and detecting the echo

signal reflected from the target and used to identify the
altitude, direction or speed of both moving and fixed object
such as aircraft, ships etc.

 Inventor of radar- Sir watson-watt

 Principles
 Reflection

 Radar equation

 Polarization

 Interference
Block diagram of a radar system

TRANSMITTER

DUPLEXER

RECEIVER
 Reflection:

 EM wave reflect from any large change in the dielectric or

diamagnetic constants.

 Radar waves scatter depending on the wavelength of the

radio wave and shape of target.

Radar equation:

Pt Gt Ar  F 4
Pr 
 4  2 2
Rt Rr
2
 Polarization:

 Interference:
Unwanted signal originate from internal and external sources

 Noise:
Its an internal source of random variation which is generated
by all electronic components.
Also generated by external source such as natural thermal
radiation of the background scene surrounding the target.
 Clutter
 Its refers to actual radio frequency echoes returned from
natural object Such as ground, sea, atmospheric
turbulence.

 It may also be caused by long waveguide between the

radar transceiver and the antenna.

 It can be reduced by using polarization.

Also by increase the signal-to-clutter ratio.
 Jamming

 It is an active interference source.

 It refers to RF signal originating from sources outside

the radar and thereby masking target of interest.

 Anti-jamming techniques are frequency hopping and

polarization.
 Radar signal processing
 Distance measurement :

 The distance is one-half the product of round trip time and the speed of light.
The minimum range is calculated by measuring the length of the pulse
multiplied by the speed of light, divided by two
In order to maximize range, use longer times between pulses


 Contd..
 Speed measurement :

 Speed is the change in distance to an object with respect to time. Thus

º
the existing system for measuring distance, combined with a memory
capacity to see where the target last was, is enough to measure speed.

 Height Measurement :

R
H
ε º
0
 Radar engineering
 Radar Component :
Transmitter, Waveguide, duplexer, Receiver, Software

 Radar Detectors:
Extract the modulating wave from the carrier to decide
whether or not a signal is present.
Linear detector
Logarithmic detector

 Radar Antenna :
All radar antennas are directive (narrow beam)
 Classification of radar
 Pulsed radar :
 Transmitter emits a series of EM pulses.
 Receiver detect any returned pulses being reflected from
objects.
 Form of circulator depends on power level, signal
frequency
 Continuous Wave Radar
 It uses a known stable frequency continuous wave radio energy
 Advantages:
not pulsed and simple to manufacture
maximize power on a target
 Disadvantages:
only detecting moving target
cannot measure range
 Application:
military uses continuous-wave radar to guide semi-active
radar homing (SARH) air-to-air missiles, such as the U.S.
AIM-7 Sparrow
 Tracking Radar :

When a Radar continuously observes a target over time, then the radar
can provide the target’s trajectory or track and predict its future
location.

Scanning :

 Horizontal scan
 Nodding scan
 Helical scan
 Spiral scan
 Detection of moving target
 Moving target indication (MTI) radar.
 Continuous change in phase between the transmitting
pulse and the resulting echo indicates a continuous change
in position of the target.
 When the target is in motion relative to the radar, ’R’
changes and so will the phase. Rate of change will give the
angular frequency
 Contd..
 Measure radial velocity of target from doppler shift

v
θ
Moving target

Vr = v cosθ
R

Radar
 Fo+(2Vr/C)Fo
 Doppler shift = 2Vr/C
 Doppler freq Fd=Fo+(2Vr/C)Fo-Fo=(2Vr/C)Fo
 Recognition of target
Types of target that a radar can recognize :

 General nature of target

 Target type

 Target class
 System losses
 Microwave plumbing loss :
It is associated with transmission line and various
microwave component such as duplexer, rotary joint, bends
in the transmission line etc.

 Signal processing loss :

Take place during the processing of the echo signal and the
different subsystem ,those are used for processing the signal.

 Propagation loss :
This loss occurs due to reflection, refraction of the signal by
the earth surface and medium, during the propagation.
 Antenna loss
 Beam shape loss :

When ‘n’ number of echo pulses are received by a scanning antenna,

then for only one pulse out of those ’n’ pulses, the directivity of the
antenna is maximum and as a result the loss occurs due to less
amount of received power for the other echo pulses is known as beam
shape loss.

 Scanning loss :

When the antenna scans rapidly enough, relative to the round trip time
of the echo signal, the antenna gain in the direction of the target on
transmit might not be same as that on receiver and the loss due to this
is known as scanning loss

 Radome
 Radar function and role
 Weather sensing radar system Weather radar
 Detection and search radars
 Missile guidance system
 Air traffic control and navigation
 Radar of the future
 Change in operational requirement

 Facing up to stealth and discrete target

 Use of flat active antennas and conformal aperture

 Use of spatial processing in association with active anthems

 Advancement in terms of radar component

 Conclusion
 It is an important application of microwave

 Different operation is possible because of the properties of

radiated electromagnetic energy

 The invention that changed the world

 References
 www. wikipedia.org (free encyclopedia)

 www.zhihefrp.com

 www.google.co.in

 Microwave device and ckt by Sammuel Y. Liao