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Lecture 1.2 Organic Chemistry - MK
Lecture 1.2 Organic Chemistry - MK
LECTURE 1.2:
STILL THE BASICS
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LEARNING OUTCOME
By end of this lecture, student should be
able to
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HYBRIDIZATION
At this point, student should be familiar with the
atomic orbitals and electron configurations.
Period 4
Period 3
Period 2
Period 1
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HYBRIDIZATION
At this point, student should be familiar with the
atomic orbitals and electron configurations.
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HYBRIDIZATION
s orbital
p orbitals
(px, py, pz)
d orbitals
f orbitals
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HYBRIDIZATION – HYDROGENS
What orbitals do the first- and second-row atoms use to form bonds?
Let’s begin with hydrogen and then examine the orbitals used for
bonding by atoms in the second row.
Orbital overlap
px py pz
Then, how?
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HYBRIDIZATION – CH4
There is a second possibility.
Promotion of an electron from a 2s to a vacant 2p orbital would
form four unpaired electrons for bonding. This process requires
energy because it moves an electron to a higher energy orbital.
This higher energy electron configuration is called an
electronically excited state.
This description is still not adequate. Carbon would form two different
types of bonds: three with 2p orbitals and one with a 2s orbital. But
experimental evidence points to carbon forming four identical bonds
in methane.
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HYBRIDIZATION – CH4
To solve this dilemma, Prof. Linus Pauling, two times Nobel Laureate,
has proposed that atoms like carbon do not use pure s and pure p
orbitals in forming bonds. Instead, atoms use a set of new orbitals
called hybrid orbitals.
The mathematical process by which these orbitals are formed is called
hybridization.
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HYBRIDIZATION – CH4
What do these new hybrid orbitals look like?
109.47
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HYBRIDIZATION – sp2 and sp
One 2s orbital and three 2p orbitals form four sp3 hybrid orbitals.
One 2s orbital and two 2p orbitals form three sp2 hybrid orbitals.
One 2s orbital and one 2p orbital form two sp hybrid orbitals.
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How double bond is formed?
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How triple bond is formed?
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CLASS ACTIVITY 1.5
Draw the hybrid orbitals for the following compounds
1. NH3
2. H2O
3. BF3
4. H2C=CH2
5. HC≡CH
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CLASS ACTIVITY 1.5 - ANSWER
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CLASS ACTIVITY 1.5 - ANSWER
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HYBRIDIZATION – SUMMARY
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BOND LENGTH AND BOND STRENGTH
A Comparison of Carbon–Hydrogen Bonds
The length and strength of a C – H bond vary slightly depending
on the hybridization of the carbon atom.
Uhm… why?
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BOND LENGTH AND BOND STRENGTH
To understand why this is so, we must look at the atomic orbitals used
to form each type of hybrid orbital.
A single 2s orbital is always used, but the number of 2p orbitals varies
with the type of hybridization. A quantity called percent s-character
indicates the fraction of a hybrid orbital due to the 2s orbital used to
form it.
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BOND LENGTH AND BOND STRENGTH
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BOND LENGTH AND BOND STRENGTH
Bond length decreases across a row of the periodic table as the size of
the atom decreases.
Bond length increases down a column of the periodic table as the size of
an atom increases.
117.4
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BOND ANGLE (CONT.)
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BOND ANGLE (CONT.)
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CLASS ACTIVITY 1.6
Determine the geometry around all second-row elements in each compound.
1. NH2
2. H2O
3. CO2
4. NH4+
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CLASS ACTIVITY 1.7
The principles learned in this chapter apply to all organic molecules regardless of size
or complexity.
L-dopa
drug used to treat Parkinson’s disease)
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SELF ASSESSMENT
Self Assessment
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SELF ASSESSMENT
SCORE
Learning Outcome
1 2 3 4 5
To write electron configuration for any given atom
To draw chemical structures of organic compounds
and its derivatives using several methods.
Lecture 1.1
compounds.
To compare and contrast the bond length and bond
strength of common organic compounds.
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