DRAWDOWN

TEST
 DRAWDOWN TEST

In this test, the well is shut-in for a period of time long enough to allow
the pressure to equalize throughout the reservoir.

The pressure measuring equipment is lowered into the well to the

desire depth.

2
The well is then opened to flow at a constant rate and the bottom-hole
pressure is continuously measured by the down-hole pressure gauge.

The duration of a drawdown test may last a few hours or several

days, depending on the objectives of the test and the formation
characteristics.

Extended drawdown test (usually called reservoir limit test) are

primarily run to estimate the drainage volume of the well.

3
The general solution to the radial diffusivity equation in a
porous media (assuming no wellbore storage) is given by:


70,6qB Ei   948 c r 2

p(r, t)  pi 
t

kh  kt 
  4

At the wellbore, the equation becomes:

70,6qB    948 c r 2  
p(r,t)  pi  Ei  t w   2S 

kh   kt  
Applying the log approximation to the Ei-function, the
flowing bottom-hole pressure at the well is given by:

162,6qB   kt  
p wf  pi  lo g   3,23  0,869S 
   ct rw 
2
kh  5

This equation describes the transient bottom-hole pressure

at the well inside an infinite-acting system, i.e., the effects
of nearby fault or any linear boundary have not been felt
during the test.
 The general form of this straight line is:
pwf  m logt  Pwf 1hr

Where the slope m and intercept at time t=1 hour

Pwf1hr are given by:
6

162,6qB   k  
162,6qB p wf 1hr  pi  lo g   3,23  0,869S 
m 2 
   ct rw 
kh
kh 

Pwf1hr is the bottom-hole flowing pressure estimated from

the infinite-acting straight line on the graph at time t equal
to 1hr.
The slope is used to calculate permeability (k):

162,6qB
k
mh
The intercept is used to calculate the skin factor 7

(S):

p p   
 i - wf 1hora  k  
S  1.151   log   3.23
 m  c r 2  
  t w  
 MODERN
TECHNIQUES
8
 ΔP & t*ΔP' vs. t
10000

 P’
r

(tx P’)x
ΔP & t*ΔP' [psi]

1000

tr

100  Pi = (tx P’)i = m=0

(tx P’)r
ti
tx tRS

10
0,01 0,1 1 10 100

time [hours]
PRESSURE DERIVATIVE

10
EXAMPLE 1
An oil well has been produced at a constant rate of
475 SDTB/D. During the flow period, bottom-hole
pressures were recorded as is shown.
Estimate:
11

• Permeability
• Skin factor
• Productivity index and flow efficiency
• Wellbore storage
t (hour) Pwf (psia)
0 2733
The following rock and fluid
0,1 2703 properties are known:
0,2 2672
0,3 2644 Pi=2733 psia
0,4 2616
0,65 2553 h= 16 ft
1 2500
1,5 2440 B= 1,229 bbl/STB
2 2398
12
3 2353 rw= 3,2 in
4 2329
5 2312
7 2293
Porosity= 18%
9,6 2291
12 2290
Viscosity= 1,2 cp
16,8 2287
33,6 2282 Ct= 26,4*10-5/psi
50 2279
72 2276
85 2274
100 2272
 Semilog graph
2750

2700
??
2650

2600
Pwf,psia
2550

2500
13

2450

2400

2350
??
2300

2250
0,1 1 10 100
time, hr
 1000,00

m=1

100,00
∆P, psia

14
1,5 cycles
10,00

1,00
0,10 1,00 10,00 100,00
time, hr
 Semilog
2800

2700

2600

2500
Pwf, psia

2400 15

m=18,46
2300

2200 P1h= 2300

2100

2000
0,1 1 10 100

time, hr
Permeability
162,6qB
k
mh
162,6* 475*1,2 *1,229
k
18,46*16
k  385,59md 16

Skin factor
p p   
 i - wf  k  
S  1.151  1hora  log    3.23
 c r 
 2  
m
  t w  
S  22
Actual productivity Index Flow Efficiency
Jactual  q J
pi  pwf FE  actual
Jideal
Jactual  475
1,03bpd / psi
27332272
Jactual  1,03
 0,25
17

FE 
Ideal productivity Index
Jideal 4.11

Jideal  q
pi  pwf 
 ps
Jideal   4.11 bpd / psi
475
27332272345,41
 Wellbore storage

1000,00 m=1

 qB  t 
C    
 24  lpu 100,00

475*1,229
p

∆P, psia
t=0,4 h
  0,4  ∆P= 117 psi
C    18

 24  117 usl 10,00

C  0,08 bbl / psi

1,00
0,10 1,00 10,00 100,00
time, hr
EXAMPLE 2
A pressure test in an oil well yield the following
pressure and pressure derivative data.
Knowing:
q=355 STB/D 19

B= 1,25 bbl/ST
viscosity= 1,65 cp
depth=25 ft.
Calculate the permeability
t, hr ∆P, ∆P', t*∆P',
psia psia/hr psia
1,6 299 53,56 85,70
2,5 340 41,98 104,95
3,5 378 26,00 91,00
5 390 7,14 35,70
7 402 5,00 35,00
9 410 3,50 31,50 20

13 420 2,27 29,51

20 433 1,50 30,00
30 443 0,85 25,50
40 450 1,00 40,00
50 463 1,18 59,00
70 482 0,81 56,70
100 500 0,55 55,00
150 523 0,40 60,00
 100,00

70.6qB
∆P’ 1h=30 k
10,00
 P1h
k  * h
70.6*355*1.25*1.65
∆P'

21
30 * 25
1,00
k  68.9md
m=-1

0,10
1 10 100 1000

time, hr
 1000,00

70,6��
𝑘= 𝜇
ℎ 𝑡 ∗ ∆𝑃’ �
100,00

70,6 ∗ 355 ∗ 1,25 ∗ 1,65

t*∆P'

𝑘= 22
(t*∆P’)r= 30 25 ∗ 30
10,00

𝑘 = 68,9 md

1,00
1 10 100 1000

time, hr
 HOMEWORK (Exercise 3)
t, hr Pwf, psia
0,9 3555
A pressure test in a flowing oil well 1 3442
yield the following pressure data. 2 3345
3 3269
Knowing: 4 3211
5 3166
q= 450 STB/D; 23
7 3128
B= 1,35 bbl/STB; 10 3094
16 3050
viscosity=0,87cp; 23 3019
32 2988
h=45 ft and 45 2956
Pi= 3800 psia. 64 2924
90 2892
Calculate: Permeability 127 2857
180 2821
RESERVOIR
LIMIT TEST
24
Reservoir Limit Test is a drawdown test run specifically to
determine the reservoir volume communicating with the well.
This test uses the pseudo steady state portion of the plot Pwf
vs flowing time.

25
Region I (ETR) and Region II (MTR) are analyzed as discussed
above to determine permeability, skin factor and wellbore storage
coefficient.

Region III (LTR) corresponds to the portion of the test where pseudo
steady state flow regime is dominant.
26

This flow regime exists only when the outer boundaries or limits of
the drainage area or reservoir have been felt during the drawdown
test.

This is common in finite systems.

 The pseudo-steady state flow regime is governed by the
following equation:

0.23395qB  162.6qB   2.2458A  

pwf  t  pi  log 
  0.8686S  
ct hA  C r 2 
 kh   A w  

Which can be re-written as: p wf  m *t  Pint 27

Where:
0,23395qB
m *

ct hA
 162.6qB   2.2458A  
Pint   pi  log   0.8686S  
 C r 2  
 kh   A w  
The slope m* may be used to calculate the volume of
the reservoir portion being drained by the test well
(drainage volume or pore volume in ft3)

0,23395qB
V p  Ah 
ct m* 28

The intercept on the pressure axis at time t=0 is used

to determine the shape factor:
m  2,303p1hr  pint 
C A  5,493 * exp   
m  m 
 Using TDS

� 𝑡𝑝�
� � � 𝑡 ∗�
4.27𝜙� ∆𝑃’ 𝑝�
=
ℎ �

2.2458�𝑒2 ∆𝑃𝑝� 0.003314𝑘𝑡𝑝�

�𝐴 � 𝑒𝑥� − −�
𝑡�
1000,0
�𝑤 ∗ ∆𝑃’ � 𝜙𝜇��
= 2
�
100,0
m=1 29

t*∆P', psia
Where:
m=0
tpss is any time during pseudo-steady state (m=1 in LTR)
10,0

(t*∆P’)pss is the value of derivative plot at tpss

∆Ppss is the value of ∆P at tpss 1,0

1,00
0,01 0,10 time, hou1rs0,00 100,00 1000,00

(t*∆P’)r is the value of derivative plot in radial flow (m=0)

Reservoir limit test provide a means of complete
evaluation of the reservoir.
The best time to carry out reservoir limit test is during
the exploratory stage or when there is only one well
producing from the reservoir.
If more than one well is producing from the reservoir, 30

then all the wells should be shut in for the reservoir to

stabilize before opening up only one of them for the
reservoir limit test.
The remaining wells can be opened up after the test.
EXAMPLE (Exercise 4)
A constant-rate pressure-drawdown test was run on an
oil well. During the test, the wellbore distortion ended
after about 12 hours of flow time.
Completely interpret the pressure test.
31

Additional information:
Pi=4412 psia; h= 69 ft;
B= 1,136 bbl/STB; rw= 0,198 ft
Porosity= 3,9% Viscosity= 0,8 cp
Ct= 17*10-6/psi
t, hr Pwf 8,32 3593
0 4412 11,1 3586
0,02 4389 14,4 3573
0,04 4365 17,3 3567
0,07 4329 20,7 3561
0,12 4272 24,9 3555
0,2 4201 29,8 3549
0,3 4122 35,8 3544
0,4 4057 43 3537
0,5 3995 51,5 3532 32

0,6 3953 61,8 3526

0,7 3912 74,2 3521
0,8 3884 89,1 3515
0,9 3857 107 3509
1 3822 128 3503
1,94 3699 154 3497
2,79 3653 185 3490
4,01 3636 222 3481
4,82 3616 266 3472
5,78 3607 319 3460
6,94 3600 383 3446
460 3429
 4600

4400

4200
Pwf, psia

4000

3800
K=7,38 md 33
S=5,8
∆Ps= 366,03 psia
3600 m=72,57
Pwf 1h=3660 psia J actual=0,41 STB/D/psia
J ideal= 0,25 STB/D/psia
3400
FE= 0,63

3200

3000
0,01 0,1 1 10 100 1000
time, hours
 1000
∆P, psia

m=1
100 C= 0,010 bbl/psi
34

10
0,01 0,10 1,00 10,00 100,00 1000,00
time, hours

Intercept= 3530 psia

 3900

3850

3800

3750
Area= 1458,24 Acres
35
Pwf, psia

3700 CA= 29,6

3650

3600

3550

3500 m*=0,22
Intercept= 3530 psia
3450

3400
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500
time, hours
w w w. u is .e d u .c o