CERC (DEVIATION SETTLEMENT

MECHANISM AND RELATED

MATTERS) REGULATIONS, 2014

By
Shilpa Agarwal 1
This regulation will replace existing UI regulation through
a similar mechanism called deviation settlement, linked to
frequency in a narrower band of 49.70-50.05Hz instead of
existing band of 49.7-50.2Hz with step of 0.01Hz .

2
UI – Movement of rates-History
 UI rates notified in ABT Order & Tariff Regulations
2001-04 w.e.f 1.4.2000.
 Max. based on Diesel Generation.(Rs. 4.20 /unit at 49.0
Hz)
 Min. Zero at upper end of freq.(50.5 Hz)
 Claim from overdrawing/underinjecting entities to be
paid to other party

 Rates renotified in
 1.4.2004- Clause of 105%/101%/ Gaming
 1.10.2004- UI Tinkered, 6/9 p/unit
 30.04.2007- 6/9/15 p/unit
 7.1.2008- 8/18 p/unit, Cap for APM at 406 p/unit
3
Evolution of the balancing market
guiding vector

(April 04)
(Oct 04)

4
UI Draft Regulations 2009- Reasons
 Increase in short-term trading prices with increase in UI
ceiling rate
 UI is a disciplinary mechanism, and a grid balancing
mechanism
 Being used as a trading mechanism
 Frequency is not the sole consideration in grid
management and even if system frequency is within range,
large unscheduled power flows on certain elements can
result in catastrophic grid failure.
 UI quantum has increased substantially, which is a threat
to grid security
 UI mechanism should be made more stringent for
unscheduled interchanges of DISCOMs/(SEBs) as the
DISCOMs have the ability and capability to effect load
shedding or switching from drawals as per schedule to 5
over/under draw to suit their requirement.
 6
Period 1: January 2006 to April 25, 2007
Period 2: April 26, 2007 to January 6, 2008
Period 3: Jan 7, 2008 to December 31, 2008
UI Post 1.4.2009
 1.04.2009:Separate UI Regulations: Separate Fund created
(existing RS. 500 Cr.)
 Limits on UI volume-12% of SG or 150 MW (overd/underij)
 Additional UI for overdrawl /underinj. <49.2 Hz :40% rate at 49.2
 3.5.2010: further cap for >105%/101%
 Cap on buyers/benef. For underdrawl>10% of SD or 250 MW
 Cap on sellers for >120 % of SG, 105% IC/101% IC
 Gaming Clause : with Commission, Additional UI for freq<49.5
 Additional UI for overdrawl /underinj.
 <49.5 Hz :40% /20% rate at 49.5,

 <49.2 Hz: 100% / 40% rate at 49.5 Hz,

 Payment security through LC

 17.09.2012: rates modified, infirm injection rates specified,
limited to 6 months,
 Additional UI for overdrawl /underinj.
 <49.7 Hz :20% /10% rate at 49.5 Hz

 <49.5 Hz:40% /20% rate at 49.5 Hz 7

 <49.2 Hz: 100% /40 % rate at 49.5 Hz
CERC (Deviation Settlement Regulations),
2014

8
BACKGROUND

 Notified on 6.1.2014
 Effective from 17.02.2014.

 Grid Disturbance dated 30.7.2012 / 31.07.2012

 Enquiry Committee Report –
 Review UI w.r.t its impact on Grid disturbance
 Phase out UI as frequency control mechanism

 NLDC proposal to CERC

 Narrowing down frequency band to 49.9 Hz to 50.1 Hz;

 Imposing limits on UI injection/withdrawal and making

its truly inadvertent interchange;

9
Salient Features
 Principle
 Deviations to be limited by quantum than by frequency.
 Deviation charge for overinjection >12% SG or 150 MW =0
irrrespective of freq. , even when freq. <49.7 Hz=0
 Definitions
 Buyer includes a beneficiary
 Seller includes a generating station
 Previous provision
 Step of frequency band reduced from 0.02 Hz to 0.01 Hz. –
Issues
 Cap rate for generating stations regulated be Commission
using coal coal / lignite / gas under APM – 303.04 paise/unit.
 No cap rate w.e.f 1.4.2014 on gas stations under APM.
 In case of sustained deviation from schedule in one direction,
sign for deviation to be reversed after every 12th time block.-
Issues
 Deviation Charges for overinjection/ underdrawl >12% of SG 10
or 150 MW whichever is lower is Zero.
Deviation Vector
AVERAGE FREQUENCY OF AVERAGE FREQUENCY OF AVERAGE FREQUENCY OF
TIME BLOCK (HZ.) UI RATE TIME BLOCK (HZ.) UI RATE TIME BLOCK (HZ.) UI RATE
W.E.F W.E.F W.E.F
17.02.2014 17.02.2014(PA 17.02.2014
(PAISA / KWH) ISA / KWH) (PAISA / KWH)
BELOW NOT BELOW BELOW NOT BELOW BELOW NOT BELOW

50.05 0.00 49.92 49.91 365.56 49.78 49.77 657.32

50.05 50.04 35.60 49.91 49.90 386.4 49.77 49.76 678.16
50.04 50.03 71.20 49.90 49.89 407.24 49.76 49.75 699

50.03 50.02 106.80 49.89 49.88 428.08 49.75 49.74 719.84

50.02 50.01 142.40 49.88 49.87 448.92 49.74 49.73 740.68
50.01 50.00 178 49.87 49.86 469.76 49.73 49.72 761.52
50.00 49.99 198.84 49.86 49.85 490.6 49.72 49.71 782.36
49.99 49.98 219.68 49.85 49.84 511.44 49.71 49.70 803.20
49.98 49.97 240.52 49.84 49.83 532.28 49.70 824.04
49.97 49.96 261.36 49.83 49.82 553.12
49.96 49.95 282.20 49.82 49.81 573.96 Each 0.01 Hz. step is equivalent to 35.6
49.95 49.94 303.04 49.81 49.80 594.8 p/Kwh in the 50.05-50.00 Hz. freq. range
and 20.84 p/Kwh in below 50 Hz. freq.
49.94 49.93 323.88 49.80 49.79 615.64 range
49.93 49.92 344.72 49.79 49.78 636.48 11

(Applicable w.e.f 17.02.2014): Charges may be renotified from time to time

 Rate-Rs/unit

100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000

0
49.20
49.52
49.56
49.60
49.64
49.69
49.71
49.73
49.75
49.77
49.79
49.81
49.83
49.85
49.87

Frequency
49.89
UI base rate comparison

49.91
49.93
49.95
49.97
49.99
UI Rate vis a vis Frequency

50.01
50.03
50.05
50.08
50.12
50.16
50.20
New

Existing

12
Regulations
Regulations
 Average Frequency (Hz) UI Rate (P/kWh)
Below Not Below (P/kWh) post 17.2.2014 till 17.02.2014
50.05 0 132
50.05 50.04 35.6 132
50.04 50.03 71.2 148.5
50.03 50.02 106.8 148.5
50.02 50.01 142.4 165
50.01 50 178 165
50 49.99 198.84 193.5
49.99 49.98 219.68 193.5
49.98 49.97 240.52 222
49.97 49.96 261.36 222
49.96 49.95 282.2 250.5
49.95 49.94 303.04 250.5
49.94 49.93 323.88 279
49.93 49.92 344.72 279
49.92 49.91 365.56 307.5
49.91 49.9 386.4 307.5
49.9 49.89 407.24 336
49.89 49.88 428.08 336
49.88 49.87 448.92 364.5
13
49.87 49.86 469.76 364.5
49.86 49.85 490.6 393
49.85 49.84 511.44 393
 Average Frequency (Hz) UI Rate (P/kWh)
(P/kWh) post
Below Not Below 17.2.2014 till 17.02.2014
49.84 49.83 532.28 421.5
49.83 49.82 553.12 421.5
49.82 49.81 573.96 450
49.81 49.8 594.8 450
49.8 49.79 615.64 478.13
49.79 49.78 636.48 478.13
49.78 49.77 657.32 506.25
49.77 49.76 678.16 506.25
49.76 49.75 699 534.38
49.75 49.74 719.84 534.38
49.74 49.73 740.68 562.5
49.73 49.72 761.52 562.5
49.72 49.71 782.36 590.63

49.71 49.7 803.2 590.63

14
49.7 824.04 618.73

Increases till 900 for 49.5 Hz

 Additional Charge: for deviation >12% of SG or
150 MW as lower
S.No Frequency Actual deviation Additional charge (% of specified
. range Charge at a particular frequency)

1. >49.7 Hz – >12% of SG or 150 MW (payable for underinjection / overdrawl)

50.1. Hz which is lower

Applicable 12%-15% / 150-200 MW 20% (max. 60.6 p/unit)

incrementall
y
15%-20% / 200-250 MW 40% (max. 121.2 p/unit)

>20 % />250 MW 100% (max. 303.04 p/unit)

2. >50.1 Hz Overinjection / 178 paise/unit (payable)

underdrawl (>12% SG
or 150 MW)
3. <49.7 HZ Any underinjection 303.04 paise/unit / 15
/overdrawl 824.04 paise/unit (for gas stn. / benef.)
 Additional deviation charge
below 49.70 Hz

• No allowable deviation volume below 49.70 Hz.

• Shall be payable by Seller for under injection below 49.70 Hz, in

addition to deviation charge.
• Equivalent to 100% of charge for deviation at freq “below
49.70Hz” i.e. 824.04 p/kWh.
-if a entity overdraw below 49.70Hz it has to pay
@1648.08 p/kWh.
• For Gen station using coal/APM gas as the fuel, for Under
injection shall be 100% of Cap Rate for deviation charge of 303.04
p/kWh.
-if NTPC stations under inject below
49.70Hz ,it has to pay @606.08 p/kWh. 16
 Methodology for computation of Deviation and Additional Deviation charge for
crossing volume limits for Over drawl/Under Injection above 49.70Hz

A. If Dtb is less than (+/-)12% of SG in MW or 150MW,whichever is lower in a time block ,Dtb is to be payable at normal
charges of deviation.

B. When Dtb is more than (+/-)12% of SG or 150MW,whichever is lower in each time block
Dtb= D0+D12/150.; Dtb = deviation in a time block, has two component:
whereD0=(+/-)12% of SG or 150MW whichever is lower
D 12/150=deviations in excess of (+/-)12% of SG or 150 MW whichever is lower
Here deviation charge for both Do and D12/150 payable at deviation charge/Cap rate; Additional charge for Deviation
for D12/150 shall be Payable for crossing the volume limit on the basis of % term or MW terms as the case may
@20%,40%,100% of deviation charge/Cap rate for incremental deviation in each slab.
Cap rate applicable for Gen stations using Coal or APM gas as the fuel.

Suppose any entity has SG= 1000MW

Deviation = +/- 210MW, then it has to pay for first 12% of SG i,e for 120MW as well as for excess of 12% i.e. for
90MW, at deviation charge/cap rate at linked frequency of the time block.
-additional deviation charge will also be payable for excess of 12% (90MW) as specified earlier. @20% of deviation
charge/Cap rate for 30MW(up to 15%of SG) and @40% of deviation charge/Cap rate for 50MW(15%-20% of SG) and
@100% of deviation charge/Cap rate for 10MW(20% and above of SG).
When grid freq. is below 49.7Hz and above : Charges for deviation for Dtb payable by entity
@1648.0p/kWh/606.08p/kWh (CapRate). 17
Infirm Power/
Start up power (new clause)
 No volume limits for infirm injection/ startup
power drawl. No additional charge for startup
power.
 The infirm power shall be paid at Charges for Deviation subject
to ceiling of Cap rates corresponding to the main fuel used for
such generation as specified below:
Domestic coal/ Lignite/Hydro –Rs. 1.78 / kWh sent out
APM gas as fuel- Rs. 2.82/ kWh sent out till 31.03.2014, Rs. 5.64
/unit thereafter
Imported Coal – Rs. 3.03 / kWh sent out
RLNG - Rs. 8.24 / kWh sent out
- no rate for liquid fuel
18
Accounting for deviation charges
 RLDC to issue statement to RPC by Thursday for week ending midnight
of Sunday. RPC to issue account by Tuesday
 Charges payable within 10 days of issue of account.
 Late payment surcharge@0.04% for each day of delay from 13th day.
 Charges to be paid in “Regional Deviation Pool Account Fund”.
 Regional UI Pool Account Funds” shall continue to operate till the UI
accounts settlement for the period prior to commencement of these
Regulations is completed and balance if any, in UI Pool account shall be
transferred to the Power System Development Fund.
 To PSDF on last day of month.- to be used for purpose specified by
Commission.
 LC for 110% weekly payment in case of payment default within 15 days
of due date of payment.
 “Power to Issue direction”
If any difficulty arises in giving effect to these regulations, the
Commission may on its own motion or on an application filed by any
affected party, issue such directions as may be considered necessary in
furtherance of the objective and purpose of these regulations. 19
Major Changes than UI Regulations 2012
S.
HEADS EXISTING REGULATIONS NEW REGULTIONS
No

1 Applicability of Cap rates

105 % DC / 101% DC
Generating Stations >12% SG or 150 MW =0
(165 p/unit)
120% of SG limited to 105% IC
/101% IC –
Sellers ( 450 p/unit) Same as above
>105% IC / 101% IC - (165
p/unit)
10% of SG or 250 MW – 450
Underdrwal by buyers 12% SD or 150 MW =0
p/unit
For overdrawl/underinjection for
For overdrawl/underinjection
2 Additional UI : volume limit violation + freq.
when freq. <49.7 Hz
violation –incremental
=20%/10% * 9/4.215
20% of rate for 12%-15%
(49.7-49.5 Hz)
=40%/20% * 9 / 4.215
40% rate for 15%-20%
(49.5-49.2)
=100%/ 40% *9 /4.215
100 % for >20%
for <49.2 Hz
12% of SD /SG or 150 MW
when freq. <49.8 Hz & 3% on 20
3 Volume limits on UI-for overdrawl/underinjection daily aggregate basis for time With penalty
blocks when freq.<49.8 Hz
No penalty
S. No HEADS Existing Regulations Newt Regulation

4 Operating Frequency range 50.2 to 49.7 Hz. 50.05 to 49.90 Hz

UI CHARGE RATES

900 paisa per unit below 49.5 824.04 Paisa per unit below
5 Maximum UI rate
Hz 49.7 Hz

6 Minimum UI rate 0 at 50.2 Hz & above 0 at 50.05 Hz & above

UI CAP RATE

303.04 paisa per unit (based

Cap Rate for Generating station using 421.50 paisa per unit on energy charge of imported
7
coal/lignite/APM gas as the fuel Freq. 49.82-49.84 coal)
Freq. 49.94-49.95

50.2=0 50.05=0
50.02-50.0- median of energy 50.01-50.0- median of energy
UI Price vector charge charge
49.5 Hz- max. av. energy 49.7 Hz- max. av. energy
charge charge on RLNG

-For tr. of strategic imporatnce -to be specified by

8 Fund collected through UI
--ancillary service Commission

21
Issues
 Additional Charges upto Rs. 3.03 / 8.24 /unit in
following cases : Due to deviation >12% SG or 150
MW
 Forced outage: for 3 time blocks
 Single Stage Stations: Korba-III, Farakka-III

 Unit size 210/500/660 MW

 Estimated time of synchronisation vs actual

 Underinjection
 Overinjection charge=0 for >12% SG or150 MW

 For stations where VC > Deviation rate

 Average Frequency for 13-14: 50.02 Hz, Rate at
50.02 Hz :142.4 paise/unit

22
Strategic Operation

 Generation maximisation up to volume limit at freq. > 49.7 Hz in time

blocks when Devn. rate > En. Chg.
 At 50 Hz. AG should not be > SG.
 Back down up to volume limit at freq. in time blocks when Devn. rate <
En. Chg.
 Exercise caution during Back down when frequency is < 49.75 Hz.
 Provision for alarm when deviation approaches volume limit.
 Ramp up carefully during start up to match volume limit.

23
Indian Electricity Grid Code (Second
Amendment) Regulations, 2014.

24
 Notified on 6.1.2014, Effective from 17.02.2014.
 6.5.18. Revision of DC / Schedule be benef. from the 4th
time block
 2.(hhhh)(iiii) Pooling Station means the sub-station
where pooling of generation of individual wind generators
or solar generators is done for interfacing with the next
higher voltage level:
 Provided that where there is no separate pooling station for a
wind / solar generator and the generating station is connected
through common feeder and terminated at a sub-station of
distribution company/STU/ CTU, the sub-station of
distribution company/STU/CTU shall be considered as the
pooling station for such wind/solar generator, as the case may
be.
25
 Regulation 5.2- RGMO – no reduction in generation when
frequency improves below 50.05 Hz.
 Frequency band- 49.9-50.05 from 49.7 -50.2
 Demand disconnection clauses delinked with frequency to
restrict overdrawl.
 "when frequency is 49.7 Hz or below" shall stand deleted.

 Regulation 5.4.2: RLDCs shall devise standard instantaneous

message formats in order to give directions in case of
contingencies and/or threat to the system security to reduce
deviation from schedule by the bulk consumer,
SLDC/StateUtility/ ISGS/Regional Entity/Injecting Utility at
different overdrawal/under-drawal/over-injection/under-
injectionconditions depending upon the severity. The concerned
SLDC/other regional entity shall ensure immediate compliance
with these directions of RLDC and send a compliance report to
the concerned RLDC.
 Earlier only for overdrawl.
26
 Regulation 6.4.10: The ISGS is normally expected to generate power
according to the daily schedules advised to them barring any inadvertent
deviations. Maximum deviation allowed during a time block shall not exceed
the limits specified in the Deviation Settlement Mechanism Regulations…..
 Earlier: The ISGS may also deviate from the given schedules within the limits
specified in the CERC UI Regulations of CERC, depending on the plant and
system conditions. In particular, they may be allowed to generate beyond the
given schedule under deficit conditions as long as such deviations do not
cause system parameters to deteriorate beyond permissible limits

 “6.4.12. Notwithstanding the above,the RLDC may direct the SLDCs/ISGS/

other regional entities to increase/decrease their drawal/generation in case of
contingencies e.g. overloading of lines/transformers, abnormal voltages,
threat to system security. Such directions shall immediately be acted upon.
In case the situation does not call for very urgent action, and RLDC has some
time for analysis, it shall be checked whether the situation has arisen due to
deviations from schedules. These shall be got terminated first, through
appropriate measure like opening of feeders , if considered necessary by
SLDC/RLDC, before an action, which would affect the scheduled supplies to
the long term, medium term customers or short term customers is initiated
in accordance with Central Electricity Regulatory Commission (Grant of
Connectivity, Long-term Access and Medium-term Open Access in InterState
Transmission and Related matters) Regulations, 2009 and Central
Electricity Regulatory Commission (Open Access in Inter-State
Transmission) Regulations, 2008.
 Earlier: pursuant to Short term Open Access 27
 6.5.17: Grid Disturbance
 In case of any grid disturbance, scheduled generation of all the
ISGSs supplying power under long term / medium term/short
term shall be deemed to have been revised to be equal to their
actual generation and the scheduled drawals of the
beneficiaries/buyers shall be deemed to have been revised
accordingly for all the time blocks affected by the grid
disturbance. Certification of grid disturbance and its duration
shall be done by the RLDC.
 The declaration of disturbance shall be done by the concerned
RLDC at the earliest. A notice to this effect shall be posted at its
website by the RLDC of the region in which the disturbance
occurred. Issue of the notice at RLDC web site shall be
considered as declaration of the disturbance by RLDC. All
regional entities shall take note of the disturbance and take
appropriate action their end. For Bilateral short term and
collective transactions, the methodology of settlement of accounts
for the period of Grid Disturbance shall be formulated by
National Power Committee (NPC) and same shall be put up to
the Commission for approval. The methodology shall cover all
possible scenarios with illustrative examples to cover the
instances where the Grid disturbance is either partial or it 28
affects only one region.
 “6.5.34. While availability declaration by ISGS shall
have a resolution of one decimal (0.1) MW and one
decimal (0.1) MWh, all entitlements, requisitions and
schedules shall be rounded off to the nearest two
decimals at each control area boundary for each of the
transaction, and shall have a resolution of 0.01 MW.”

29
Thank You

30
NTPC STATIONS MERIT ORDER BASED ON VC
As on 07.01.2013
FC
(Normativ
S.No. VC e) COG
Station Rs/Unit Rs/Unit Rs/Unit
1 Korba-III 0.913 1.59 2.503
2 Korba 0.915 0.56 1.475
3 Singrauli 1.095 0.55 1.645
4 Talcher TPS 1.180 1.28 2.460
5 Sipat-I 1.288 1.41 2.698
6 Rihand-III 1.292 1.49 2.782
7 Rihand-II 1.303 0.94 2.243
8 Rihand-I 1.315 0.84 2.155
9 Sipat-II 1.399 1.25 2.649
10 Talcher -I 1.508 0.85 2.358
11 Talcher -II 1.508 0.81 2.318
12 Vindhyachal-III 1.774 1.14 31
2.914
13 Vindhyachal-II 1.776 0.65 2.426
14 Vindhyachal-IV 1.778 1.49 3.268
 FC
S.No. VC (Normative) COG
Station Rs/Unit Rs/Unit Rs/Unit

15 Vindhyachal-I 1.879 0.66 2.539

16 Ramagundam-I & II 2.172 0.6 2.772
17 Unchahar-I 2.342 0.89 3.232
18 Unchahar-II 2.345 0.92 3.265
19 Unchahar-III 2.346 1.4 3.746
20 Gandhar Gas 2.508 1.13 3.638
21 Kawas Gas 2.584 0.79 3.374
22 Mouda 2.645 1.88 4.525
23 Kahalgaon-II 2.793 1.22 4.013
24 Simhadri-I 2.810 1.04 3.850
25 Farakka-III 2.814 1.75 4.564
26 Simhadri-II 2.816 1.7 4.516
27 Anta Gas 2.817 0.7 3.517
32
28 Ramagundam-III 2.836 0.97 3.806
29 Farakka 2.839 0.86 3.699
30 Kahalgaon-I 2.959 0.99 3.949
31 Tanda 3.038 1.13 4.168
32 Dadri -II 3.287 1.6 4.887
33 Faridabad Gas 3.335 0.8 4.135

34 Auraiya Gas 3.354 0.61 3.964

35 Dadri Gas 3.377 0.54 3.917
36 Dadri-I 3.450 0.91 4.360
37 Badarpur 4.718 0.9 5.618
38 Faridabad Liquid 7.669 0.8 8.469
39 Dadri Liquid 7.929 0.54 8.469
40 Anta Liquid 8.152 0.7 8.852
41 Faridabad RLNG 8.305 0.8 9.105
42 Anta RLNG 8.665 0.7 9.365
43 Kawas RLNG 10.223 0.79 11.013
44 Auraiya Liquid 10.383 0.61 10.993
45 Dadri RLNG 10.437 0.54 10.977
46 Auraiya RLNG 10.553 0.61 11.163
47 Rajiv Gandhi CCCP 11.170 0.86 12.030 33
48 Gandhar RLNG 11.720 1.13 12.850
49 Kawas Liquid 11.970 0.79 12.760
SOUTHERN REGIONAL LOAD DESPATCH CENTRE,
22.1.2014

Average Frequency over a day : 50.02 Hz 34

System Operation-History
 Establishment of RLDC as per amendment to ES Act 1948 in 1991.
 The five RLDCs were operated by CEA till 1994.
 the funding for any capital expenditure and the subsequent Operation and
Maintenance (O & M) expenses used to come from the budgetary support provided by
the Central Government.

 CEA transferred RLDCS to POWERGRID between 1994 and 1996. Central Govt.
funding discontinued.
 Unified Load Despatch & Communication Scheme was accorded approval by CEA
(~1994) regionwise to strengthen the load despatch infrastructure covered
investment in regional RLDCs and SLDC.
 Total capital investment by 2002 ~1826 Cr.
 Powergrid recovered expenses from constituents of States as per arrangement agreed with CEA.
 After formation of CERC, CERC approved the expenses under ULDC Scheme. Prior to the
notification of the RLDC Regulations, all the beneficiaries were paying the RLDC charges to
PGCIL in the form of ULDC charges as determined by the Commission.

 System Operation as a department under Powergrid till 1.10.2010.

 POSOCO created as per the directives of Government of India in letter dated 4.7.2008 for
independent system operation of the National Load Despatch Centre (NLDC) and Regional Load
Despatch Centres (RLDCs).
35
 POSOCO is a wholly owned subsidiary of Power Grid Corporation of India Ltd.
35

 Asset transfer from Powergrid to POSOCO effective from 1.10.2010. 35

Evolution of Transmission Pricing

Stage Stage Stage Stage

I II III IV
• Cost of • Apportione • Apportione • Hybrid
Transmissio d on the d on the Methodology
n clubbed basis of basis of
with energy MW
Generation
Tariff
drawn entitlemen
• (Usage ts
• Implicit
Based) • (Access
Based)

Upto 1991
1992- 2002- 2011
2002 2011 onwards 36

Reference:राष्ट्रीय भार प्रेषण केंद्र 36

 UI Vector
1000
873 p/KWh below
900 49.5 Hz.
UI Rate (Paisa / Kwh)

800

700

600

500

400

300
0 p/KWh at 50.2
403 p/KWh in
200 Hz. & above
49.68-49.7 Hz.
100

0
49.50
49.52
49.54
49.56
49.58
49.60
49.62
49.64
49.66
49.68
49.70
49.72
49.74
49.76
49.78
49.80
49.82
49.84
49.86
49.88
49.90
49.92
49.94
49.96
49.98
50.00
50.02
50.04
50.06
50.08
50.10
50.12
50.14
50.16
50.18
50.20
Avg. Freq. of Time block (Hz.)

(Applicable w.e.f 03.05.2010)

Each 0.02 Hz. step is equivalent to 15.5 p/Kwh in the 50.2-49.7 Hz.
freq. range and 47 p/Kwh in the 49.7-49.5 Hz. freq. range.
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Frequency Band as per IEGC
 w.e.f
 1.2.2000- 49.0-50.5 (1.5 Hz)

 1.4.2009 – 49.2-50.3 (1.1 Hz)

 3.5.2010 – 49.5 -50.2 (0.7 Hz)

 17.9.2012 – 49.7-50.2 (0.5 Hz)

 17.2.2014 – 49.9 -50.05 (0.15 Hz)

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“(i) Low frequency during peak load hours, with frequency going down to 48.0-
48.5 Hz for many hours every day.
(ii) High frequency during off peak hours, with frequency going up to 50.5 to 51
Hz for many hours every day.
(iii) Rapid and wide changes in frequency – 1 Hz change in 5 to 10 minutes, for
many hours every day.
(iv) Very frequent grid disturbances, causing tripping of generating stations,
interruption of supply to large blocks of consumers, and disintegration of the
regional grids.”
 NO load forecasting
Solution
Maximisation of generation during peak load hours and load curtailment
equal to the deficit in generation.
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ii) Backing down of generation to match the system load reduction during off
peak hours, keeping the merit order of generation in view.”

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