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Phys2b Chap2 Waveoptics
Phys2b Chap2 Waveoptics
E hf
34
h 6.63 10 J s
Planck’s constant
Light wave is electromagnetic
(EM) wave traveling at the
speed of light
E
c
B
d d1 d1 d 2
2A cos K 2 sin(t K )
2 2
Amplitude of y depends on the path difference : = d2 - d1
Amplitude of y maximum : M
d d1 d 2 d1
cos K 2 1 ; K k ;
2 2 d1
2k d2
d 2 d1 ; d 2 d1 k
2 /
Amplitude of y equal to 0 : S1 S2
1
d 2 d 1 (k )
2
The path difference in
Young’s Double-Slit Experiment
d1
d2
d 2 d1 d sin d tan
y
d
L
Positions of fringes on the screen
d sin
d 1 1
y DARK (k ) ; y DARK k i
L 2 2
Angular Positions of Fringes
y
d
L
d sin k
SOLUTION
(a) The position of second-order bright fringe :
L L
y2 k 2
d d
dy 2 (3.0 10 5 m )(4.5 10 2 m )
2L 2(1.2 m )
5.6 107 m 560 nm
PROBLEM 1 A viewing screen is separated from a double-
lit source by 1.2 m. The distance between the two slits is
0.030 mm. The second-order bright fringe is 4.5 cm from the
center line.
(b) Calculate the distance between adjacent bright fringes.
SOLUTION
L L L
(b) y k 1 y k (k 1) k i
d d d
L (5.6 107 m )(1.2 m )
i 2.2 cm
d 3.0 10 m
5
PROBLEM 2 A light source emits visible light of two
wavelengths: 430 nm and 510 nm. The source is used in a
double-slit interference experiment in which L = 1.5 m and
d = 0.025 mm. Find the separation distance between the
third order bright fringes.
SOLUTION
L (1.5 m )(430 10 9 m )
y3 3 3 7.74 10 2
m
d 0.025 10 m
3
SOLUTION
2.3 Intensity distribution of the double-slit.
Interference pattern
light : electromagnetic wave
• suppose that the two slits represent coherent sources
of sinusoidal waves : the two waves from the slits
have the same angular frequency
• assume that the two waves have the same amplitude
E0 of the electric field at point P
d1
d2
At point P :
2
E 1 E 0 sin(t Kd1 ) ; E 2 E 0 sin(t Kd 2 ) ; K
d 2 d1 d1 d 2
E E 1 E 2 2E 0 cos K sin(t K )
2 2
d d
Amplitude of E : 2E 0 cos K 2 1 2E 0 cos K
2 2
d1
d2
At point P :
d 2 d 1 2E cos K
Amplitude of E : 2E 0 cos K 0 2
2
The intensity of a wave is proportional to the square of
the electric field magnitude at that point :
I I 0 cos 2 K
2
2 d sin
d 2 d1 d sin I I 0 cos
2
2
d sin
I I 0 cos 2
y
sin tan ;
L
dy
I I 0 cos
2
L
The intensity maximum :
d sin dy
n ; n
L
L
sin n ; y n
d d
d1
d2
PROBLEM 4
SOLUTION
PROBLEM 4
SOLUTION
I
PROBLEM 4
SOLUTION
PROBLEM 4
SOLUTION
I
2.4 INTERFERENCE IN THIN FILMS
SOLUTION
1
Constructive interference : 2nt (m )
2
The minimum film thickness : m = 0
2nt
2
600 nm
t 113 nm
4n 4(1.33)
PROBLEM 6 A thin, wedge-shaped film of refractive index
n is illuminated with monochromatic light of wavelength , as
illustrated in the figure. Describe the interference pattern
observed for this case.
SOLUTION
m
Dark fringes : 2nt m m ; t m
2n
t 0 0 ; t 1 1. ; t 2 2. ;...
2n 2n
1
Bright fringes : 2nt m (m )
2
3. 5.
t0 ; t1 ; t2 ;...
4n 4n 4n
PROBLEM 6 A thin, wedge-shaped film of refractive index
n is illuminated with monochromatic light of wavelength , as
illustrated in the figure. Describe the interference pattern
observed for this case.
SOLUTION
White light :
m
Dark fringes : 2nt m m ; t m
1 2n
Bright fringes : 2nt m (m )
2
PROBLEM 7 Suppose the two glass plates in the figure are two
microscope slides 10.0 cm long. At one end they are in contact; at
the other end they are separated by a piece of paper 0.0200 mm
thick. What is the spacing of the interference fringes seen by
reflection? Is the fringe at the line of contact bright or dark?
Assume monochromatic light with a wavelength in air of = 500nm.
SOLUTION
500 nm
The wavelength in the silicone grease: ' 333 nm
n 1.50
The two reflected waves from the line of contact are in phase
(they both undergo the same phase shift), so the line of contact
is at a bright fringe.
x ' 0.833 mm
c. Newton’s Rings
a
sin ; sin
2 2 a
SOLUTION
sin m ; m 1; 2; 3;...
a
The two dark fringes that flank the
central bright fringe : m = 1
SOLUTION
Dark fringes :
L
ym m ; m 1; 2; 3;...
a
The first minimum : m = 1
L 32 mm
y1 1
a 2
L (6 m )(633 109 m )
a 0.24 mm
y1 32 10 m / 2
3
Intensity of Single-Slit Diffraction Patterns
a = 5 a = 8
Consequence :
a >> : sin << 1 0 :
We can consider practically all the light to be concentrated at the
geometrical focus.
a < : /2 :
The central maximum spreads over 180o : the fringe pattern is
not seen at all.
Example :
The sound waves in speech : 1 m. Doorway < 1 m : a <
The central intensity maximum extends over 180o.
The sounds coming through an open doorway or can bend around
the head of an instructor.
Visible light ( 5 10-7 m), doorway (a 1 m) : << a
No diffraction of light; you cannot see around corners
PROBLEM 11 Find the ratio of the intensities of the secondary
maxima to the intensity of the central maximum for the single-
slit Fraunhofer diffraction pattern.
SOLUTION
To a good approximation, the secondary
maxima lie midway between the zero
points
2
a sin/ sin( a sin / )
I I max
a sin /
sin V 1. V
d 1.67 10 6 m
The angular deviation of the red light :
R 700 10 9 m
sin R 1. ; R 24.8 0
d 1.67 10 6 m
The angular width of the first-order visible spectrum :
R V 24.80 13.90 10.90
PROBLEM 13 Monochromatic light from a helium-neon laser
( = 632.8 nm) is incident normally on a diffraction grating
containing 6 000 lines per centimeter.
Find the angles at which the first order, second-order, and third-order
maxima are observed.
SOLUTION
1
The slit separation : d cm 1667 nm
6000
For the first-order maximum (m = 1) we obtain :
632.8 nm
sin 1 1. ; 1 22.310
d 1667 nm
For the second-order maximum (m = 2) we find:
632.8 nm
sin 2 2. 2 ; 2 49.390
d 1667 nm
For m = 3 we find that sin3 > 1 : only zeroth-, first-, and
second-order maxima are observed
3.4 Circular Apertures
The diffraction pattern formed by a circular aperture consists of a
central bright spot surrounded by a series of bright and dark rings
SOLUTION
The angular size of the first dark ring :
620 10 9
m
sin 1 1.22 1.22 ; 1 0.1022 rad
d 7.4 10 m
6
Cl
-
Na+
PROBLEM 15 You direct a beam of x rays with wavelength
0.154 nm at certain planes of a silicon crystal. As you increase the
angle of incidence from zero, you find the first strong interference
maximum from these planes when the beam makes an angle of
34.5o with the planes.
(a) How far apart are the planes?
SOLUTION
(a) The Bragg equation : 2d sin m
The distance between adjacent planes :
m (1)(154 nm )
d 0.136 nm
2 sin 2.sin34.50
PROBLEM 15 You direct a beam of x rays with wavelength
0.154 nm at certain planes of a silicon crystal. As you increase the
angle of incidence from zero, you find the first strong interference
maximum from these planes when the beam makes an angle of
34.5o with the planes.
(b) Other interference maxima from these planes at larger angles?
SOLUTION
(a) The Bragg equation : 2d sin m
The distance between adjacent planes :
m (1)(154 nm )
d 0.136 nm
2 sin 2.sin34.50
m 154 nm
(b) sin m 0.566m
2d 2(0.136 nm )
m = 2 : sin > 1 there are no other angles for interference
maxima for this particular set of crystal planes.
4. POLARIZATION OF LIGHT WAVES
4.1 Polarized waves on a string
(a) Transverse wave linearly
polarized in the y-direction
E
A linearly polarized light beam
viewed along the direction of
propagation (perpendicular to
the screen)
CAUTION
Polarization :
1st meaning : to describe the the shifting of electric charge
within a body, such as in response to a nearby charged body
2nd meaning : to describe the direction of E in an
electromagnetic wave
A symmetric
molecule has no
permanent polarization
Polarizing Filter
The most common polarizing filter for visible light : called Polaroid
Polaroid : material is fabricated in thin sheets of long-chain
hydrocarbons which transmits 80% or more of the intensity of a
wave that is polarized parallel to a certain axis in the material,
called the polarizing axis
What happens when the linearly polarized light emerging
from a polarizer passes through a second polarizer (analyser) ?
E 0 cos
SOLUTION
This problem involves a polarizer (a polarizing filter on which
unpolarized light shines, producing polarized light) and an analyzer
(a second polarizing filter on which the polarized light shines).
The angle between the polarizing axes : 300
Malus's law : I I MAX cos2
I0 2 0
cos 30
2
3
I I0
8 I0
I0
2
4.4 Polarization by Reflection
Unpolarized light can be polarized, either partially or totally, by
reflection.