Desafíos de Perforación en Diferentes

Formaciones
. Different formations
Drilling challenges in
Prevention action
and
Detection & Remedial actions
Presentation topics…
• 1.1 Introduction
• 2.2 Downhole deteriorated conditions & Consequences
– Pack-off & Bridging
– Differential sticking
– Loss circulations
• 2.3 First remedial actions to solve problems
– Pack-off & Bridging
– Differential sticking
– Loss circulations
• 2.4 Drilling challenges in fms (Shale, Salt & Unconsolidated)
– Descriptions
– Preventions
– Detections
– Remedial actions
• 2.5 Real time monitoring of drilling operations…ODC
2.1 Introduction
• Drilling challenges includes…

– Drilling through highly fractured

formation
– Unconsolidated formation
– Drilling through moveable
formation
– Drilling through reactive shale

• Problems result…
– Loss circulation
– Differential sticking due to mud cake
– Mechanical sticking such as due to
pack-off
– Chemical sticking due to swelling pegado
Causes and Effects of borehole instability

Driving Forces
.

Mechanical Chemical Thermal

-Hydraulic pressure -Reactive shell -Temperature
-Tectonics

Failure Mechanisms

Shear Tensile
-Collapse -Fracturing
How to manage collapse, fracture and swelling
Solution...approperiate Density & Chemistry of mud
Drilling cost /day
• Drilling cost….450,000USD/day…(Worldwide,2010)

– If NPT =3days, 3x450000 lost Tiempo No Productivo

– If well should be abandoned….all the cost is lost

– 20% of drilling cost is due to NPT (Statoil report)

– Well instability alone increase 10-15% of the well

construction budget… presupuesto
inestabiliad

• The problem has been and still challenging…..

How to avoid? Density and Chemistry of drilling fluid

Median.line
Vertical hole axis v

h F r a c tu re
Allowable
H p re s s u re
Mud .weight

P o re
p re ssu re

Collapse
Pr essure
 •Pack-off
Problems:
•Differential sticking
apretado
•Tight well (Mechanical + Chemical means)
•Caved well (Mechanical means)- medios macánicos

•Symptoms
•Increase torque
•Increase pump pressure
•Increase drag
•Over-pull Más tirones
•Loss circulation
•Increase cutting concentration
•Others…
During planning phase
Need to prepare….
-What if problem?----Solution Procedure/Action

– What if kick?-----------------------Solution procedure

– What if loss circulation?--------Solution procedure
– What if Pack-off?-----------------Solution procedure
– What if Diff sticking?------------Solution procedure
– What if equipment failure?----Solution procedure
 Example ..Worst case senario…
This is the consequence of kick if not managed...
Patada –
explosión-
arranque
2.2 Downhole deteriorated conditions &
Consequences
– Problems..
• Pack-off & Bridging puente

• Differential sticking
• Loss circulations
 PROBLEM #1 HOLE PACK OFF & BRIDGES…
Cement or junk in the hole

incrustado

Bloques
sueltos
PROBLEM #1 HOLE PACK OFF & BRIDGES…
Unconsolidated formations

atascado
 PROBLEM #1 HOLE PACK OFF & BRIDGES…

Bolas de
arcilla Pizarra
ablandada

Reactive Formation Pressured Formation

Formation Fractured
& Faulted Formation
PROBLEM #1 HOLE PACK OFF & BRIDGES
…….Settled Cuttings
PROBLEM #2: Differential sticking
• Permeable zone covered with mud
cake/a porous, permeable formation
must exist.
• Stationary string Increased risk when:
– making connection
– survey
– formation pressure measurements

Sticking force
 a 2  b2  c2 
 2  cos 
1
  cos
 (R w  t ) 2  R 2p  (R w  R p ) 2 
1  
F  P * A c
 2bc   2R p (R w  R p ) 
  A c  2x * DC Length

A c  L * DC Length
2

 (R w  t )  R p  (R w  R p ) 
2 2 2

X  2R p 1  cos2 2  2R p 1  

 2 R p ( R w  R p ) 

 PROBLEM #3 LOST CIRCULATION
a
• a: High-permeability unconsolidated
d
sands and gravel.

b • b: Cavernous (hollow) zones in

carbonates (limestone or dolomite).
a
• c: Natural fractures, faults and
d transition zones in carbonates or
hard shales.

c • d: Induced fractures from excessive

pressure.
2.3 First remedial actions to solve problems

– Pack-off & Bridging

– Differential sticking
– Loss circulations
Problems •Mechanical sticking (Pack-off+ Bridging)
Detection: •Differential sticking

•Tight well (Mechanical + Chemical means)

•Caved well (Mechanical means)

•Symptoms
•Increase torque
•Increase pump pressure
•Increase drag
•Over-pull
•Loss circulation
•Increase cutting concentration
•Others…
Real time monitoring
 Remedial Action/Freeing

• Follow First Actions

• If worst/if first
doesn't work, then
follow secondary
Example: First action
• Case 1: Solids Induced Pack-off -
First Actions
At the first signs of the drill string torque up and
pack-off symptoms…

(a) reduce the flow rate and bleed down the

standpipe pressure

(b) Holding a maximum of 500 psi on the standpipe

and start cycling the drill string up to maximum
make-up torque.

(At this stage do not work the string up or

down).
Continued…

(c) Slowly increase pump and see if circulation

improves.

(d) If circulation cannot be established

- increase the standpipe pressure in stages up to
1500 psi and
-continue to apply torque.

(e) If the pipe is not free, commence jarring

operations.
Case 2: First Actions in the event of Differential Sticking
Stuck after a connection or survey with full
unrestricted circulation across a permeable
formation
– 1. Initially circulate at the maximum
allowable rate. This is to attempt to erode
the filter cake.
– 2. Apply torque to about 50% of make-up
torque.
– 3. Pick up to just above the up weight and
perform step 1 again.
– 4. Repeat 1. & 2. Increasing to 100% make-
up torque until string is freed /or until
preparations have been made to other
operations:
(either - spot a releasing pill or – conduct
other operations….)
Differential sticking....continued...illustration.
• 3 Loss circulation treatment

– Loss circulation is the loss for drilling fluid into the

formation.
– Uncontrolled fluid loss cost the oil industry a lot.
• Loss circulation control materials includes:
– LC-lube, mica various fibrous products and CaCO3
etc..
– If the loss rate is higher, treat the mud with pill in
order to reduce loss.
 25
Study at UoS

Reopening pressure, MPa...

20

Example- Effect of particles 15

10

0
Glydril witho ut pa rtic le s

Glydril+C a C O3(125-250)+S iC (125-250)

30

...
Reopening pressure, MPa
25

20

15

10

0
Glydril witho ut pa rtic le s

Glydril+C a C O3+F e lds pa (125-250)

Example: Loss circulation –Treatment action procedure

Pill#1 BP= 1/2 Concentration of Pill #2BP

Q<If 100bbl/hr (Yes)

Y
Q>100bbl/hr (No)
Pill#2 BP
Calcium carbonate(M) 30ppb
N Particle 1 (F) 20ppb
Particle 2 (M 20ppb
Mica (F) 20ppb
LC lube 40ppb
Ultraseal / Checklosses 30ppb
 Example: BP-Company pill and Reformulated

BP#2( density =1.33SG) field OBM BP-#2( density =1.5SG)

60
Pressure, M Pa

40

20

0
0 5 10 15
Time, min
 Bridging experiments
• Synergy effect: Bridging test with Check loss and LC lube+
Check loss @250mm slot

45
40lb LC lube+30 lb Check loss
30 lb Check loss
Pressure, MPa

30

15

0
0 3 6 9 12
Time, min
The main conclusion is that when designing a pill, it is important to find out the
system with ‘’positive synergy’’ and ‘’negative synergy’’.
In short, you need to do testing of products if possible!
Reformulated and optimized pills

Optimized BP#2 New Reformulated BP#2 New BP#2

60
Pressure, MPa

40

20

0
2 6 10
Time,min
 Example...Bridging test results....
50 50gm Bentonite + 3%wt Mica
50gm Bentonite + 3%wt Mica 50gm Bentonite + 5%wt New sol + 3%wt Mica
50gm Bentonite + 3%wt New sol + 3%wt Mica
40
50
40gm Bentonite + 3%wt Mica
Pressure, MPa

30 40

Pressure, MPa
30
20
20
10 10

0 0
0 10 20 30 0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Time, min Time, min

40gm Bentonite + 3%wt New sol + 3%wt Mica

40gm Bentonite + 3%wt Mica
50
40gm Bentonite + 5%wt New sol + 3%wt Mica
40
Pressure, MPa

30

20

10

0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Time, min
Hole cleaning

• Hole cleaning problem results

– High rotary torque
– Hole pack-off (Stuck pipe )
– Formation breakdown (Lost circulation)
– Slow ROP
• Parameters to control....
• Pumping hole cleaning pills
• Movement of string whole circulating
• Flow rate..
2.4 Drilling challenges
.

I- Reactive shale formation

II- Salt formation
III- Highly Unconsolidated sand formation

–Descriptions
–Detections
–Preventions
–Remedial actions
I- Reactive shale formation
Description
• Shale makeup over 75% of oil and
gas drilled formations and 90% of
wellbore instability problems occur
in shale formations.

• Some of the most challenging

drilling problems related to shale
formations are hole enlargement,
stuck pipe, high torque and drag Dry pellet Pellet + H2O = Swelling

Quartz (29.6%) + Feldspar (15.5%) + Calcite

(0.6%) + Bentonite (52.9%) and other
particles (1.4%) with water.
Continued….

• Rig site indications-Symptoms

– Hydrated or mushy cavings.

– Shakers screens blind off, clay balls form.
– Increase in low-gravity solids (LGS), PV, YP
– An increase in pump pressure.
– Circulation is impossible or highly restricted
• Preventative action
– Use an inhibited mud system.
• Eg. Oil Based Mud
– Potassium/polymer fluids
• KCl/ polymers(e.g partially hydrolyzed polyacrylamide (PHPA)
• PAC polymer or a PAC/Starch polymer combination to control
fluid loss.
– Potassium/Glycol and Silicate fluids
• KCl/Glycol and KCl/Silicate fluids

• Action/Freeing
Case 1: See First Actions
Example: Silicate /KCl system
Modified from Horsrud  Bentonite(52.9)
et al 1998  Calcite (0.6)
North Sea- A  Feldspar (15.5)
 Quartz (29.6)
 Others (1.4)

After 24 hrs immersion in H2O system

After 24 hrs immersion in Silicate/ H2O/KCL system

Swelling in OBM system?- No swelling
II- Salt formation

Description
• The mobile formation such as salt
formation squeezes into the well bore
because it is being compressed by the
overburden forces.

• Mobile formations results in a

decrease in the well bore size, causing
problems running BHA’s, logging tools
and casing.

• A deformation occurs because the

mud weight is not sufficient to prevent
the formation squeezing into the well
bore.
Continued….
• Rig site indications-Symptoms

– Over-pull when moving up

– Sticking occurs with BHA at mobile formation depth.
– Restricted circulation with BHA at mobile formation
depth
• Preventative Action
 Maintain sufficient mud weight.

• Action/Freeing
•Moving up/down
•Apply torque
III- Highly Unconsolidated sand formation
Description

• An unconsolidated formation falls

into the well bore due to low
bond=> well collapse

• Sand or gravel falls into the hole and

packs off the drill string.

• This mechanism is associated with

shallow formations.
– Example: at about 500m in the central North Sea
Continued….

• Rig site indications-Symptoms

– Increase in pump pressure

– gradual increase in drag
– Over-pull on connections.
– Shakers blinding
• Preventative Action
– These formations need an adequate filter cake to help
stabilize the formation.

– A method successfully used in the North Sea

• to drill 10m,
• pull back to the top of the section and
• wait 10 minutes.
– If the fill is significant then repeat process every 10m.

Action: Case 1: First Actions

2.5 Real time monitoring....
Example IRIS-On shore drilling Center..
EXAMPLE: Real time monitoring of down-hole condition
Summary
• Drilling problems cost the industry a lot....

• Prevention of a problem is better than cure the problem...

– For this ..
• During planning phase, engineers are required to
design a safe operational window...

• For this...
– Engineers are required to have good understaing of
drilling processes, including the physics behind the
process
Exercise
• 1 Mention typical formation related drilling challenges along
with:
• Short description
• Rig site inductions/Symptoms
• Prevention and first actions
• 2 Write in short the first action for freeing differential sticking
and solid induced pack-off procedures.

• 3 What are the conditions for differential sticking? How it

occurs and when and where most?

• 4 What is lost circulation? How can we hinder? How loss

circulation occurs?
 • Thanks!
&
Questions`?