Welcomes ALL

The Participants

1 06/29/18 Course Name / Topic Name

FIXED MOBILE
CONVERGENCE
(FMC)
CFA Faculty
Advanced Level Telecom Training Centre
Sde.ngn.alttc@gmail.com/ 9412000810
3 06/29/18
Focus
• Current Generation Networks
• EOIP:NGN
• Key Drivers for IP Based solutions
• FMC:Fixed Mobile Convergence
• IMS:Platform for convergence
• IMS:Architecture
• IMS:LTE EPS
• Basic call flow of IMS
• FMC:Benifit ,Challenges & Conclusion

4 06/29/18 4
Present Scenario
Separate Service Networks
Services

/IP Networks
PSTN/ISDN

Data

Access, Transport & Switching PLMN

5 06/29/18 Course Name / Topic Name

 PRESENT SCENARIO

Service Service Service

Control Control Control

Switching Switching Switching

Access Access Access

6 06/29/18 6
VARIOUS APPLICATIONS
ONE BIG QUESTION?

VOIP
&
DOIP

7 06/29/18 Course Name / Topic Name

VARIOUS APPLICATIONS
ONE BIG QUESTION?

VVOIP

8 06/29/18 Course Name / Topic Name

 ONLY ONE ANSWER?

EOIP
(NEXT GENERATION NETWORK)

9 06/29/18 Course Name / Topic Name

Next Generation Network
Present Day Networks
Next Generation Networks (NGN)

Internet
Workstation Workstation

Integrated
Services Over IP
Gateways

Wireless
Telephone
System

Evolving towards IP Communications

10 06/29/18 Course Name / Topic Name
NGN :Definition (As per ITU)
• NGN is a packet based network which is able to
provide multimedia telecom services and able to make
use of multiple broadband, QoS enabled transport
technologies in which service related functions are
independent from underlying transport related
technologies.

11 06/29/18 11
Changing Telecom Trends
 Fixed line usage is reducing dramatically for “classical”
services.
 Mobile use is increasing steadily even though penetration is
already high.
 Broad Band Internet deployment shows a rapid growth trend.

 As per a statistical result, IP traffic increases 10 folds every year

while voice traffic is relatively flat.

Mobile

Fixed

Broadband

12 06/29/18 Course Name / Topic Name

 4-Key Business Drivers of
NGN
Customer’s perspective Reducing
Cost, the same service at Less Operator’s perspective
cost raising ARPU

Enabling Convergence Vendor’s perspective

New products/services

13 06/29/18 Course Name / Topic Name

 FMC

• Fixed – Mobile Convergence (FMC)

The integration of mobile and fixed technologies to enable the
seamless distribution of services over fixed and mobile broadband
networks

14
 Converged User Experience

Today Tomorrow

R E
HE
Y W
A N
– S E
E OO
BILLS
I C H
R V C
S E TO
NY O M
A E D
R E
F

15
15
NGN – Digitalise, Packetise, Distribute( Layered)

Control
Bearer
Application Application
Layer Services

Internet
Service Control
Layer Softswitch IP Multimedia
Control Sub-System (IMS)

Transport (Media) Layer

(core and access)
Media
PSTN Gateways

Multiservice
Broadband RAS
RAS Packet Switching X
Access DSLAM X
DSLAM X National Optical
ACCESS
X X X X
GbE
GbE Metro Optical
NETWORK X
Frame/
Frame/ X X
ATM
ATM
CPE CORE NETWORKS
CPE
Wireless
Wireless 16
16
 FIXED
What was FMCMOBILE CONVERGENCE?
originally?
Fixed Mobile Convergence?
•It is not a service. It is a concept.
•Seamless connectivity between
fixed and wireless
telecommunications networks from
one device.
•Optimize transmission of data, • One Device
voice and video to end users, no • One Number
matter what their locations or • One Message Box
devices. • One Address Book
• One Secure Connection
• One Point of Contact
• One Bill
In essence, FMC means that a single device can connect through and be
switched between wired and wireless networks.
 FIXED MOBILE CONVERGENCE
FMC
The focus of Next Generation Networks (NGN) & FMC initially was to use one device on
any network, the market has now shifted towards using multiple devices to use the
same service on any device and on any network. Customers have multiple devices for
different things but they need the same services seamlessly.

The focus of FMC and next generation networks is now on Multimedia communication
Packet
using fixed line infrastructure to achieve several things: switched

a)To provide real solutions to customers

• Business Circuit
switched Voice
• Consumer
• Home entertainment

Fixed Mobile
b)To best provide backhaul to high speed mobile data
networks – everywhere.

c)To offload high end sources of traffic from mobile networks

onto peripheral access networks (WiFi, Femto-cells , etc).
 FMC can be viewed at 3 layers

NETWORK This means that a multitude of services

CONVERGENCE (P-P, P-C, C-P) can be provided to the same user over

different access networks and to different devices.

Allows multiple applications to be run, reusing the same This involves consolidation of fixed and mobile networks to provide
functions for identification and authentication. The different user services, with telecom-grade quality of service, to
mobile device supports more and more functions in several access types with an emphasis on operator cost efficiency.
addition to telephony, e.g. Camera, TV/Video and email.

SERVICE
DEVICE CONVERGENCE
CONVERGENCE

FMC can be best explained as a number of technology components that work

together at different layers to optimize the interoperability between services (or
applications), different devices and different access networks.
 Why IMS?

IMS:Direction Towards Convergence

2
20 0
IMS the Platform for Convergence

• IMS is at the heart of Next Generation Convergent

Networks
• Mobile SIP-based IMS (IP based Multimedia
Subsystem) is the core of both 3GPP (GSM evolved)
and 3GPP2 (CDMA evolved) networks … this is not
simply a European view
• Next Generation entire multimedia mobile world be
“IMS” based
• SIP (Session Initiation Protocol) based IMS is IP
end-to-end

21
21
IMS DEFINATION

IMS stands for

IP Multimedia Subsystem
It is an evolution to NGN of mobile
networks defined by 3GPP in Rel5 (Enhanced in
Release 6 with further enhancements in Release 7)

22
Network convergence with IMS

App support
Common services

Interactive Multimedia

IMS
Fixed MSC
Mobile
TeS
Softswitch
Softswitch Server Softswitch

PSTN
PSTN IP PLMN
Backbone
IP CS
CS
ss
ce PS
ac s PS RNC
WiMAX BB es
IP a cc
TN
PS BSC

WLAN 2G/3G/
Evolved 3G

23
 IMS

• IMS defines a generic architecture for offering IP

based multimedia services on mobile networks.

• IMS is using SIP - Session Initiation Protocol

from IETF - Internet Engineering Task Force as
the main control protocol

• IMS is one of the key parts of the convergence

of the mobile and wire-line communication

24
3GPP Architecture Elements

IP Multimedia Networks Legacy mobile 
PSTN signalling Networks

Mb Mb PSTN
BGCF CSCF
PSTN Mm 
Mk Mk  

Mw
C, D, 
Mj BGCF Gc, Gr 
Mi
Cx
IMS­ MGCF HSS
MGW  Mn Mg CSCF

Mr  Mw Dx SLF
Mb  

P-CSCF
MRFP  MRFC  PDF UE 
Mp Gm

Mb Mb Mb Go IM Subsystem
25
“IMS: It is too complicated!”

IP Multimedia Networks Legacy mobile

Izi CS Network Mk Ici Mm Mm signalling Networks

Ix

TrGW IBCF Mx

Mb CS BGCF Ma
I-CSCF AS
Mb
Mk Mx ISC
CS
Mx
BGCF Sh
Mw
Mj C, D,
Mg Cx
Mi Gc, Gr

IM MGCF Cx HSS
Mg S-CSCF
MGW Mn ISC
Dx Dh
Rc
Mw
Mb
MRB SLF
Ut
Mr Cr
MRFP P-CSCF
MRFC UE
Mp Gm
Mb
Mb Mb IMS Subsystem

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IP_Multimedia_Subsystem
TS 23.228 IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS); Stage 2 (Release 8)
Figure 4.0: Reference Architecture of the IP Multimedia Core Network Subsystem

IMS architecture can be complicated and difficult

to understand when taken as a whole, but…

2
26 6
IMS Architecture – Breaking it Into Pieces

Split the IMS architecture into its major building blocks

•User equipment (UE): The endpoint of the IMS architecture
that residues with the user. Contains a SIP user agent
•Transport: This is the portion of the IMS architecture through
which the overall network is accessed (e.g. LTE Evolved Packet
System), including the Access Network
•Control: Includes the IMS Core. Provides session and media
control
•Application: Contains the Application Servers that host the
IMS services

2
27 7
 IMS Architecture
(SIMLIFIED)

App.
Server

P-CSCF HSS

To External
First
point I-CSCF
IMS PDN, Other IMS etc.

of CSCF- Call Session Control

entry S-CSCF Function
P-CSCF- Proxy CSCF
I-CSCF –Interrogating CSCF
S-CSCF- Serving CSCF

28
Architecture Elements

Database Elements
• HSS (Home Subscriber Server) CSE(SCP) SIP Application
Servers
OSA Application
Server

• SLF (Subscription Locator

Function) IM-SSF OSA-SCS

IMS Control Elements HSS

• S-CSCF
• P-CSCF
• I-CSCF P-CSCF S-CSCF I-CSCF

Control Plane Interworking

Elements
MRF
• MGCF - Media Gateway Control
Function MGCF
BGFC
• BGCF - Breakout Gateway Control
Function
SGW
• SGW - Signaling Gateway MGW

29
Other Elements

IMS Service Elements CSE(SCP) SIP Application OSA Application

Servers Server
• AS (Application Server)
OSA-SCS
IM-
External Service and Service SSF

Interworking Elements
• OSA SCS
HSS
• OSA Framework
• OSA Application Server
• CAMEL elements - IM-SSF (IP Multimedia P-CSCF S-CSCF I-CSCF

Switching Service Function)

Resource Elements MRF

MGCF
• Media Resources Function (MRF) BGFC

Media Interworking Elements SGW

MGW
• MGW (Media Gateway)

30
Proxy-CSCF (P-CSCF)
Home IMS
Network
CSE(SCP) SIP ApplicationOSA Application
• Entry point to IMS from any access network Servers Server

• Local outbound stateful proxy for all SIP HSS IM-SSF OSA-SCS

requests/responses, ensuring all signalling is

sent via the home network
P-CSCF
• Performs compression/decompression for S-
S-CSCF
I-CSCF
CSCF
efficient use of the radio interface MRF

• Performs integrity protection mechanisms

MGCF SGW
using IPsec MGW

GGSN
• Includes a Policy Decision Function (PDF)
Home Access
that authorizes bearer resources Network

• The P-CSCF and the GGSN are located in Visited IMS

Network P-CSCF

the same network, that is, either both in the PSTN

PLMN
visited PLMN or both in the home PLMN. Internet GGSN
Visited Access
Network
IP networks

31
Interrogating-CSCF (I-CSCF)

Home IMS
• First point of contact in the home Network
SIP ApplicationOSA Application
network. CSE(SCP)
Servers Server

• Acts as a SIP proxy located at the HSS IM-SSF OSA-SCS

edge of a network.
P-CSCF

• Queries the HSS to help in selecting a S-CSCF

S-CSCF
I-CSCF

S-CSCF for a user. MRF

• Can act as a THIG (Topology Hiding MGW

MGCF SGW

Inter-network Gateway) in order to GGSN

Home Access
perform network hiding. Network

Visited IMS
Network P-CSCF
PSTN
PLMN
Internet GGSN Visited Access
IP networks Network

32
Serving-CSCF (S-CSCF)
Home IMS
Network

•Stateful SIP server providing CSE(SCP) SIP ApplicationOSA Application

Servers Server

session control. IM-SSF OSA-SCS

HSS

•Acts as a SIP registrar

P-CSCF

•Always located in the home S-CSCF

I-CSCF

network.
MRF

MGCF SGW
MGW
•Central point for control of GGSN

operator provided services. Home Access

Network

Visited IMS

•Performs authentication. PSTN

Network P-CSCF

PLMN
Internet Visited Access
GGSN
IP networks Network

33
 HSS and SLF
Home IMS
Network

Home Subscriber Server (HSS) CSE(SCP) SIP ApplicationOSA Application

Servers Server

• An evolution of the HLR

• HLR (subscriber and authentication data for CS and HSS IM-SSF OSA-SCS

PS domains) + the new IMS functionality

• Location Register P-CSCF

• IMS subscriber records S-CSCF

I-CSCF

• IMS service profile processing MRF

• IMS authentication data

MGCF SGW
MGW

GGSN

Subscription Locator Function (SLF) Home Access

Network

• A look-up function that can be used in networks Visited IMS

Network P-CSCF
where several HSS exist. PSTN
PLMN
Internet Visited Access
GGSN
IP networks Network

34
Breakout Gateway Control Function (BGCF)

Home Network External Network

• Selects the appropriate PSTN/CS domain

break out point for the session.
S-CSCF BGCF BGCF

• Selects the network in which the interworking

MGCF
MGCF
with the PSTN/CS Domain is to occur.
GGSN

• Selects the MGCF in the network in which the MGW

MGW

interworking with PSTN/CS domain is to

occur and forwards the SIP signalling to that
MGCF. External
Home
GSM/UMTS Network
CS Network

35
MRF – MRFC Functions
Home IMS
Network
CSE(SCP) SIP ApplicationOSA Application
Servers Server
MRFC Functions
• Act as a SIP User Agent HSS IM-SSF OSA-SCS

• Manage the features of the MRFP through the Mp

interface.
P-CSCF S-CSCF
• Control the media stream resources in the MRFP. I-CSCF

• Interpret information coming from an AS and S- MRF

CSCF (e.g session identifier) and control MRFP

accordingly. MGW
MGCF SGW

GGSN

Home Access
Network

MRF
MRFC

Mp

MRFP

36
MRF – MRFP Functions
Home IMS
Network
CSE(SCP) SIP ApplicationOSA Application
Servers Server
MRFP Functions
• Control of the bearer on the Mb HSS IM-SSF OSA-SCS

reference point.
P-CSCF
• Provide resources to be controlled by the S-CSCF
I-CSCF

MRFC. MRF

• Mixing of incoming media streams (e.g MGCF SGW

for multiple parties). MGW

GGSN

• Media stream source (for multimedia Home Access

Network

announcements).
• Media stream processing (e.g. audio
MRF
transcoding, media analysis).
MRFC

Mp

MRFP

37
 CSCF Functions:
• IMS Registration and IMS User Authentication
– Access control to the IMS and the support of different User Authentication schemes
• IMS Session Control and Service Control
– IMS service invocation and control of Application Servers.
• IMS Addressing Support
– Support of different user addressing schemes (SIP-URIs, TEL-URI’s)
and the support of ENUM (E.164 – SIP-URI Address Translation).
• SIP Signaling Compression
– Compression of SIP messages to allow an efficient transport across the Access network.
• IMS Routing Support
– Dynamic routing of SIP messages
• Charging and Lawful Interception Support
– Generation of Charging and LI information in the CSCF.
 HSS
•The HSS is the central database for network services and the user profile data, such
as:
– User identity information:
1) private user identification,
2) public user identification,
3) MSISDN,
4) IMSI, etc…

– Registration and Mobility Management information:

1) registration status,
2) S-CSCF SIP address and
3) S-CSCF hostname
•The HSS supports the IMS User Authentication by providing the Security Credentials
to the CSCF.
LTE Evolved Packet System

 PDN Gateway (Public Data Network Gateway)

• Provides access for the UE to external packet data networks
• Can be multiple gateways for access to multiple PDNs (e.g.
Internet, IMS)
• Anchor for mobility between LTE and other non-3GPP technologies
E-UTRAN EPC IP Services
S6a Wx

S1-
MME S6c Internet
eNode B
S11
LTE-Uu
S5
eNode B
IMS
SGi
Internet PDN Network
eNode B S7
S1-U IMS PDN

Rx
4
40 0
LTE Evolved Packet System

 PCRF (Policy and Charging Rules Function)

• Provides real-time determination of whether traffic should be
allowed (Policies) and how to account for traffic (Charging Rules)
• Initiates appropriate bearers within the packet core based on
the IMS service requested

E-UTRAN EPC IP Services

S6a Wx

S1-
MME S6c Internet
eNode B
S11
LTE-Uu
S5
eNode B
IMS
SGi
Internet PDN Network
eNode B S7
S1-U IMS PDN

Rx
4
41 1
IMS Core (Control Layer)

 CSCF (Call Session Control Function)

• Establishes, monitors, supports and releases multimedia
sessions
• Manages the user’s service interactions
• Can consist of three different entities:
E-UTRAN EPC IP Services
S6a Wx

S1-
MME S6c Internet
eNode B
S11
LTE-Uu
S5
eNode B
IMS
SGi
Internet PDN Network
eNode B S7
S1-U IMS PDN

Rx
4
42 2
VoLTE Call Example
Mobile Network Attach – Default IMS Signaling Bearer
E-UTRAN EPC IP Services
Cx /Gm
Sh IMS
S6a
SWx
Rx ISC

LTE- eNode B S1- Gx

Uu MME
S6b
SGi
S11
S5
S1-U
eNode B
S5
SGi
Internet

Control Message to create Default IMS signaling

Bearer

4
43 3
VoLTE Call Example
Mobile Network Attach – Default IMS Signaling Bearer
E-UTRAN EPC IP Services
Cx /Gm
Sh IMS
S6a
SWx
Rx ISC

LTE- eNode B S1- Gx

Uu MME
S6b
SGi
S11
S5
S1-U
eNode B
S5
SGi
Internet

Default IMS Signaling

Bearer

4
44 4
VoLTE Call Example
IMS Registration via SIP Signaling
E-UTRAN EPC IP Services
Cx /Gm
Sh IMS
S6a
SWx
Rx ISC

LTE- eNode B S1- Gx

Uu MME
S6b
SGi
S11
S5
S1-U
eNode B
S5
SGi
Internet

IMS Registration
IMS authenticates, learns UE
4 features
45 5
 Basic Message Flow
Routing of Mobile-To-Mobile Calls - Registration
Home Network of MS A Home Network of MS B
HSS-A I-CSCF-B HSS-B

I-CSCF-A S-CSCF-A S-CSCF-B

3

2 2
REGISTER

REGISTER
MS A 1 1 MS B

P-CSCF-A P-CSCF-B

Network visited by MS A Network visited by MS B

46
 Basic Message Flow
Routing of Mobile-To-Mobile Calls - Session Initiation
Home Network of MS A Home Network of MS B
HSS-A I-CSCF-B HSS-B
4

5
3

S-CSCF-A S-CSCF-B

6
INVITE

MS A MS B
1 2 7

P-CSCF-A P-CSCF-B

Network visited by MS A Network visited by MS B

47
 Basic Message Flow
Routing of Mobile-To-Mobile Calls - Call Control
Home Network of MS A Home Network of MS B
HSS-A I-CSCF-B HSS-B

S-CSCF-A
Call Control S-CSCF-B

MS A MS B

P-CSCF-A P-CSCF-B

Network visited by MS A Network visited by MS B

48
Basic Message Flow
Routing Calls from CS or PSTN

PSTN Home Network of MS B

I-CSCF-B HSS-B
4
INVITE

5
3

SGW-A MGCF-A S-CSCF-B

1 2 Call Control

REGISTER
MS B
Gateway 7
Control
MGW-A P-CSCF-B

Network visited by MS B
49
 Basic Message Flow
Routing Calls to CS or PSTN

Home Network of MS A PSTN

HSS-A BGCF-A

I-CSCF-A S-CSCF-A S-CSCF-B

MGCF-B SGW-B
REGISTER

Call Control
INVITE

MS A
1 2 Gateway
Control
P-CSCF-A MGW-B

Network visited by MS A
50
 FMC Benefits:

FMC 1+1>2
1) revenue stabilization & growth
2) customer churn reduction
3) increased ARPU
4) subscribers growth

51
 FMC Challenges-India

• Number plans and number portability

– Fixed and mobile numbers come from separate blocks and they have
prefixes that contain information for interconnection charging
– Currently mobile number portability (MNP) available but not fixed/mobile
number portability

• Role of regulators
– Permitting interconnection of PSTN and Internet (IP) networks.
– Determining IP termination charges inline with MTC (mobile termination
charges) as a part of IUC.
– Unify the Numbering system for fixed and mobile , move toward E.Num
– Regulators should only establish the facilitating interconnection rules so
that the market forces can guide direction, extent and pace of FMC.

52
 FMC Conclusion:

FMC promises exciting opportunities

for end users to consume services anytime,
anywhere and on any device, while
maintaining the same personalized rich
user experience. It also allows operators to
reduce their cost and generate revenue
from existing and new services.

53
Selected Acronyms

3G Third Generation IMS IP Multimedia Subsystem

3GPP(2) Third Generation Partnership Project IP Internet Protocol
(2) IP-CAN IP- Connectivity Access Network
API Application Programming Interface ISIM IMS Subscriber Identity Module
AS Application Server IWF Inter-Working Function
BGCF Breakout Gateway Control Function LAN Local Area Network
CAMEL Customised Applications for Mobile QoS Quality of Service
Enhanced Logic RACS Resource and Admission Control
CSCF Call Session Control Function Subsystem
BICN Bearer Independent Core Network RAN Radio Access Network
GGSN Gateway GPRS Support Node SCM Session Control Manager
GPRS General Packet Radio Service SGSN Serving GPRS Support Node
GSM Global System for Mobility SIP Session Initiation Protocol
SLA Service Level Agreement
UMTS Universal Mobile Terrestrial Access

54
 What Next?

WHAT

NEXT ??????

55
 What Next?

NGN?????

IMS?
4G?
5G?
---------------------------------

56
 And the final destination...

LONG IN THE FUTURE….

TECHNOLOGY MAY BECOME INVISIBLE

57
 Any Doubt..
58 06/29/18 Course Name / Topic Name
 Thank You
& Further Question?

NITIN GARG
SDE(CFA),ALTTC Ghaziabad
E-mail: nitinkumargarg@yahoo.com