Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Building Contruction1, Taylors University
Building Contruction1, Taylors University
2018
EXPERIENCING CONSTRUCTION
TUTOR: AR. ALICE LIM
2.0 PRELIMINARIES
2.1 SITE AND SAFETY SIDNEY/CHONG MIN
2.2 SITE LAYOUT GAN MING YI
2.3 MACHINERIES SIDNEY
2.4 TEMPORARY FACLITIES GAN MING YI
2.5 SITE CLEARANCE
2.6 EARTHWORK & EXCAVATION
2.7 SETTING OUT
6.0 STAIRCASE
6.1 SPECIFICATION HO MIN YEE
6.2 TYPE OF STARECASE
6.3 MATERIALITY
6.4 CALCULATION
6.5 CONSTRUCTION PROCESS
7.0 REFERENCES
1.0 INTRODUCTION OF SITES
SITE A
SINGLE STOREY TERRACE
SITE B
DOUBLE STOREY SHOWROOM
Developer: AMD Construction Sdn Bhd
SITE D
FACTORY
SITE E
BANGALOW
TamanDelina,Kluang,Johor.
2.0 PRELIMINARIES
PRELIMINARIES (or 'prelims’)
may appear in tender documents, providing a description of a project that allows the contractor to assess costs which, whilst
they do not form a part of any of the package of works required by the contract, are required by the method and circumstances
of the works.
2.1 SITE AND SAFETY
The site safety is important as unpredictable tragedies are prone to happen in construction sites. Site safety should be ensured by achieving proper operating conditions to prevent accidents or mitigation of the
consequences of accidents
SAFETY SIGNBOARDS
This is basically the first thing you see when entering a construction site. This ensures Examples of the different types of signs are Prohibition signs, mandatory signs and warning signs as
that the site is not a cause of danger to its workers or members of the public. shown in the above images respectively.
PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT
Safety is a major issue for day laborers and skilled laborers. This equipment protects workers against health or safety risks on the job. The purpose is to reduce employee exposure to hazards
when engineering and administrative controls are not feasible or effective to reduce these risks to acceptable levels.
Safety Helmet
To protect head from falling objects
Safety Glasses
To protect eyes from Mask
flying particles To protect face from injury
Hat
Normal shirt
Safety Vest
To protect body
Ear muff
To protect ears from
excessive noise Gloves
Glove To prevent hands get injured
Boots Boots
To protects feet from sharp and falling
obejects
SAFETY HELMET SAFETY VEST AND HARNESS
Head injuries can come from falling objects; striking fixed objects, such as Safety vests are designed in fluorescent colors such as green,
unprotected ends of scaffolding poles or other projections; or from yellow and orange make it easier for workers to see and locate one Airbag collar
restricted headroom. Wearing a hard hat can prevent, or at least reduce the another. The standard ensures that these colors are up to par for (inflated)
severity of, a head injury. Hard hat colors can signify different roles on the work environments they are to be used in. Safety vests help
construction sites. These color designations vary from company to company distinguish unauthorized individuals within a particular work place.
and work site to work site. Harness connects body and rope together, is one of the most
important parts of fall arrest system. Except of above-mentioned Vitals monitor
function it is used as gear carrier and when rappelling or just
GPS sensor
relaxing in the wall it is relatively comfortable and simple chair-
like item.
FOOTWEAR
Construction workers should wear work shoes or boots with slip-
resistant and puncture-resistant soles.
Safety-toed footwear is worn to prevent crushed toes when working
OPERATOR HSE OFFICER around heavy equipment or falling objects.
FIRE EXTINGUISHER
It is an essential item found in construction sites
used to extinguish fires incase of emergencies GLOVES
Glove should fit snugly.
Workers should wear the right gloves for the job (Ex: heavy-duty
rubber gloves for concrete work; welding gloves for welding; insulated
FIRST AID KIT gloves and sleeves when exposed to electrical hazards).
Injuries often happen in construction
sites .A first aid kit is therefore a
necessary item in all sites to ensure
MASK
safety to all workers and to guarantee
A facemask is a loose-fitting, disposable device that creates a physical barrier
them a means of first help when
between the mouth and nose of the wearer and potential contaminants in the
injured.
immediate environment.
2.2 SITE LAYOUT
Washroom
Labour Shed
Storage
Changing room
Project signage
Water Utility
Legend:
Access road
Fencing
Entrance
2.3 MACHINERIES
MOBILE CRANE
Mobile cranes are able to lift thousands of
pounds using the simple concept of
transmitting forces from point to point TRACTOR
through a fluid.In essence,they work by
A tractor is used to deliver at a high tractive effort at slow speeds, for the purposes of hauling
harnessing the strength that liquid under
machinery used in construction.
pressure gives.
CRANE FLAT BED TRUCK
Drainage
Drainage is the artificial removal of water, both surface and sub-surface. It is necessary to
avoid flooding and other damage.
SIGN & NOTICES
HOARDING
Hoarding is a temporary structure of solid construction, erected around the
• It show the names and organisations who participated in the contract
perimeter of construction sites to shield them from view and prevent unauthorised
• Assist in directing plant and materials deliveries
access.
• To help maintain good public relations
Project
Owner
Architect’s firm
Engineering
Consultant
Provide protection for the It is made of aluminium and the
public, resist impact damage, height is 2.4m Quantity survey’s firm
resist anticipated wind
pressures and adequately lit
at night
Main contractor
JKR Approval
SCAFFOLDING
Scaffolding is a temporary structure used to provide a safe working place at a convenient height.
Guard rail to three sides of tower
Mobile Scaffolds
4 No. corner standards
Constructed to the basic principles as for independent
Towers not more than 3x times least lateral dimension – internal towers not more
tubular scaffolds and are used to provide access to Close boarded working platform
910 minimum
restricted or small areas or where mobility is required. minimum plan size 1.200 x 1.200
1minimum
min max
1.050
150 470
Stage 1: Grubbing out trees and bushes Stage 2: Excavator heaping up top soil Stage 3: Soil Compaction
Trees are chopped off to empty the site Top soil which contains plant life animal life and Stress applied to a soil causes densification as air is
decaying matter has to be remove to make soil less displaced from the pores between the soil grains. It
The tree trunks is lifted and transport out of the site
compressible and suitable for supporting buildings. increase stiffness and therefore reduce future settlement
2.6 EARTHWORK AND EXCAVATION
The disturbance of soil and removal of earth to form a cavity in the ground.
Topsoil Excavation Depth varies from site (usually 150-300mm) Roll bar
Involves the removal of the exposed or the topmost area of the earth’s surface which include vegetation, Dumper to move soil
Excavation
soil, and any other decaying material that could make the land unsuitable to bear structural loads.
mechanical shovel
or bulldozer
Subsoil
Reduce Level
Mechanical shovel and attendant
Carried out below oversite level to form a level surface on which to build and can consist of both Bulldozer for cut and fill
lorries for cut only operations
cutting and filling operations. The level to which the ground is reduced is called the formation level. operations
STEP 1: STEP 2:
A temporary bench mark or level should be obtained to start the setting out for the whole building. Use pole to specify distance from boundary. From this point, can
A specific height from a near land or from the road level can be obtained as the reference level point for a setting out. This continue the setting out related to the given drawing.
level point will conduct all over the building boundary area or 1m away from the building boundary level.
3-4-5 triangle ( Theorem of Pythagoras)
1. Think of a triangle that has two legs that join at a 90 degree angle.
2. Refer the legs as leg A and leg B. Leg C is the third leg that connects the
first two.
3. C squared (C x C) should be the sum of leg A squared (AxA) and B squared
(BxB). In other words: A2 + B2= C2
STEP 3: STEP 4:
Take angular setting out. Right angles setting out can be obtained by marking the next columns on a straight line Use a twine to connect the centre lines of all columns with the
using the Pythagoras theorem. bench mark reference height to connect all of them.
STORAGE WHEEL WASHING SYSTEM
Site storage involves the provision of adequate space, protection and control for materials, It is a device for cleaning the tires of trucks when they are leaving a site. It help in
components and equipment that are to be kept on a construction site during the building control and eliminate the pollution of public roads.
process.
Foundation is the lowest division of a building – its substructure – constructed partly or wholly below Shallow Foundation Deep Foundation
the surface of the ground. Its primary function is to support and anchor the superstructure above and
transmit its loads safely into the earth.
Feasibility Easier to construct Construction process is more
complex
Mechanism of Load Transfer Transfer loads mostly by end Rely both on end bearing and
bearing skin friction
Employed when
Cost Cheaper Generally more expensive
stable soil of
than shallow foundation
adequate bearing
Deep Foundation
capacity occurs
relatively near to Advantages Less labor needed Provide lateral support and
Employed when the soil is
the ground surface. resists uplift as well as
underlying a foundation is
carrying huge loads
unstable or of inadequate
bearing capacity.
Disadvantages Possibility of a settlement and Skilled labor needed and can
weak against lateral loads be time-consuming
Precast Reinforced Concrete Friction Piles are used and constructed by Displacement Method.
Column
The pile is well placed and The weight dropped and Continuous hammering
Pile Cap Drawing 3.4 : Foundation ready to be hammered. the pile is driven into the until the pile reaches its
ground. desired depth.
Extension Pile
Joint
Initial Pile
9. Dismantling of Formwork
Removal of formwork after the concrete have dried up. Pile cap
is done, foundation has completed.
4.0 STRUCURE
4.1 GROUND FLOOR BEAM
Ground beam (soil level beam) transferring loads delivered by superstructure above, or expanding soil below, to discrete foundations elements, such as piles and footings. Ground beams at the site are
constructed in situ. Ground beams are reinforced concrete beams which support walls, joists and other structures near ground level. Ground beams are either standing directly upon the ground or
supported at both ends by piers
Disadvantages
• Requires mixing, casting, and curing which can change the final of strength of concrete
• Low tensile strength
• Shrinkage causes crack development.
Concrete
1. FORMWORK STRUCTURE
2. SETTING UP OF BEAM REINFORCEMENT 3. LAYING OF CEMENT CONCRETE
To retain concrete, formwork or centering and shuttering is required.
After blinding process, reinforcement will be tied to the column stump For small quantity of concrete volume we
Formworks are set at the surrounding of the reinforcements of the
to hold them in position. Reinforcement steel bars used to provide the normally depend on machine-mix concrete
ground floor beams together ground floor slabs. Stirrup is used to resist
tensile strength . and filling the beam
shear and diagonal tension stresses in beam.
Slabs are supported on columns and beams. It is a flat horizontal surface, normally used as floor or subfloor. The types of slab that used at the site are reinforced concrete slab. It is constructed of reinforced
concrete poured into formwork on-site or into trenches excavated into the ground. Ground slab are those slabs that are poured directly into excavated trenches in the ground. They rely entirely on the
existing ground for support. The load is directly transferred to the ground and ground beam.
TYPE OF SLAB
ONE-WAY SLAB
TWO-WAY SLAB
TWO-WAY SLAB
1-STOREY TERRACED HOUSE
TWO-WAY SLAB
Two way slabs are the slabs that are supported on four sides and the ratio of longer span to shorter span is less than 2. In two way slabs, load will be
carried in both the directions. So, main reinforcement is provided in both direction for two way slabs.
CONCRETE SLAB
RESIST COMPRESSION
• The concrete mix for ground bearing slab is 1:2:4 ‘GEN 3’ mix.
• The floor slab is placed over the DPM
• The thickness of floor slab> 100mm
• Ensure all the services running under the floor are installed and tested before pouring
the slab.
BRC MESH
REINFORCEMENT-TRANSFERS LOADS AND BEAM
ANTI-TERMITE SPRAY
REPELS TERMITES
LEAN CONCRETE
PROVIDES FLAT SURFACES
HARDCORE&SAND BLINDING
FILLS ANY VOIDS IN THE GROUND TO PROVIDE FLAT BOTTOM
• The fill material used to make up the hardcore should contain a range of particles so that
it can be firmly compacted such as clean broken bricks, roof tiles, concrete or crushed stone.
• A layer of sand blinding should be provided over the hardcore before laying the DPM to
prevent puncturing from sharp stones.
CONSTRUCATION OF GROUND FLOOR SLAB
Column is a vertical member which takes complete load of the beam, slabs and the entire A reinforced concrete column can be defined as a structural member with a steel frame (reinforcement bars)
structure and the floor and other area of the building is Column transfers the load of the composed of concrete that is been designed to carry compressive loads. This type of column which composes
structure of slabs beams above to below, and finally load is transferred to the soil. Position of of concrete and reinforced steel bars (rebar) is seen at our site. Steel is embedded inside the columns in such
the columns should be so that there are no tensile stresses developed at the cross section of that two materials internal forces oppose each other, resulting in stronger strength when compared with
the columns. Columns location should be such that it hides in the walls partially or fully. normal concrete.
Rectangular Column
Disadvantages Advantages
Starter bar
sheeting
Steel
cleat
York bar
collar concrete
bolt
Plan and elevation of
column formwork
4. Column formwork 5. Pouring concrete into column 6. Removal of formwork & Curing
It is a term used for structures that are used to support forms and molds for poured concrete For small quantity of concrete volume we Compaction is done by vibrator. Formwork is removed after 3
columns. Must be leak proof, smooth inside and properly aligned. The floor height is normally kept at normally depend on machine-mix concrete days. Concrete is moist cured for 7 days to increases the
10 feet. If the slab contains beam, then concrete has to be poured up to the beam bottom level. and for large concrete quantity we order strength up to 2.5times and durabili. Done for 21 days. Gunny
ready-mix concrete bags are used for curing
CONNNECTION BETWEEN BEAM & COLUMN
External forces
Internal forces
TYPES OF BEAM
CONTINUOUS BEAM
Continuous Beam
a statically indeterminate structure. They
rest over three or more supports, thereby
The ADVANTAGES OF A CONTINUOUS BEAM as compared to a simply having one or more redundant support
supported beam are as follows. reactions.
• For the same span and section, vertical load capacity is more.
• Mid span deflection is less.
CONSTRUCTION OF FIRST FLOOR BEAM
Steel bar
formwork
concrete
formwork
3. Laying of Cement Concrete 4. Floor Beam Casted, Curing & Removal of formwork
After tying all the bars, concrete were poured Casting and curing are done simultaneously for beam and slab. The curing period will take around 2-3 weeks. Side of formwork is removed
into to the column when the concrete are dried up, normally after 3 days. Bottom part is removed after 21-28days. The formworks are usable for up to 3 times at
least.
4.5 FIRST FLOOR SLAB
CONSTRUCTION OF FIRST FLOOR SLAB
Disadvantages 1. More labor intensive Weaker bond compared to Disadvantages The high weight increases Less resistant to cracking
2. Requires more bricks flemish bond structural requirements
5.3 COMPONENTS OF WALL SYSTEM
Pre-cast In-situ
LINTELS
A structural horizontal block that spans the space or Reinforced cement
opening between two vertical supports. It can be a concrete (RCC)
decorative architectural element, or a combined lintels
ornamented structural item.
MORTAR
Transfer tensile, compressive and shear stresses uniformly between adjacent bricks, thus
spreading loads.
Good workability, durable and economical.
Shrinkage can be caused if mortar is weaker than bricks, weakening fabric of structure. Characteristics Indicates that a concrete lintel has been Indicate that a lintel is cast in position
cast inside a mould, and has been inside a timber mould fixed over the
allowed time to set and harden before it opening in walls.
STIFFENERS is built into the wall.
1. Reference strings are tied to a straight 2. Bricks are laid accordingly following the 3. Cement mortar is applied on the surfaces 4. Damp-proof course(dpc) or
piece of wood to act as guideline for brick reference strings and bonding used. of header and stretcher by using a trowel. membrane(dpm) is used on the external
wall construction. ground floor wall to provide an impermeable
barrier to the passage of moisture.
5. Exmet is laid flat and set in the brickwork- 6. Pegs and spirit level are used to ensure 7. Bricks are placed at 45 degree to fill up
joints, completely embedded in mortar every vertical and horizontal lines of the wall are the remaining raws on the top.
forth brickwork-joint to enhance the in correct angle.
reinforcement. Dowel bars were installed to
strengthen the ties between column and the
brick wall.
5.5 PROCESS OF PLASTERING
6.1 SPECIFICATION
RISER -vertical distance between walking surface
TREAD -horizontal walking surface of an individual step
WALL STRINGER -the housing on either side of a flight of stairs, into which the treads and risers are
fixed.
LANDING -The horizontal area connecting one flight of stairs to another flight of stairs which provide for RISER
user to stop or rest. KNEE WALL
TREAD
NOSING-Projecting rounded edge of a step for safety precautions which also provides extra space as you
walk up and down the staircase.
HANDRAIL-The horizontal or incline piece of a balustrade system. It is designed to be grasped by the
hand so as to provide stability or support and prevent injurious falls.
BALUSTER-vertical member that acts as the infill between the handrail.
KNEE WALL -A framed wall slightly above the noses of the stair treads with its top running parallel with
the incline of the stair resulting in a closed stair. LANDING
WALL RAIL -A handrail attached to a full or half wall following the pitch or incline of a closed stair.
BALUSTER
END CAP RISER + TREAD = STEP
6.2 TYPE OF STAIRCASE
DOG-LEG STAIRS (HALF-TURN STAIRS ) INCLINED SLAB STAIR
-Basically 2 parallel flights of straight stairs joined by a landing that -Constructed when there are load bearing wall around the stair.
requires 180 degree turn in the walk line. -The landing is built into the walls as one way span slab.
-One of the most common arrangement of stairs. -The flight span from floor to landing and landing to floor.
ENCLOSING
STAIR WALL
UPER FLIGHT
FIRST FLOOR
LANDING
LANDING
PLAN
MISALIGNED
TURNING OF
WAIST SLABS
6.3 MATERIALITY
IN-SITU REINFORCED CONCRETE STAIRCASE CONCRETE MIX DESIGN OF M25 CONCRETE
PROPORTION
The process to obtain a concrete of desired quality.
RATIO
1:1:2 (cement : fine aggregates : coarse aggregates)
STAIRCASE
NUMBER OF RISER CALCULATION:
A unit riser height is 150mm
Total riser (floor to floor) = 2250mm
Number of riser / steps =2250mm/150mm
= 15 risers / steps
TREAD CALCULATION:
Mark the outside radius = 4267mm
Mark the inside radius = 3048mm since the wide of staircase = 1219mm
Mark walk line=300 mm from inside radius
Unit run at walk line =250mm
Mark 228mm and 457mm on inside radius TOTAL
Pull a line from 228mm to outside radius and move to 457mm RISE=
That gives a tread layout. WALL 2250
4267 (OUTSIDE RADIUS)
3048 (INSIDE RADIUS) 1219
300
250
(AT
228 WALK
LINE) KNEE WALL
457
PLYWOOD
TIMBER
1.The area of staircase is calculated and 2.Temporary timber formwork is built within the box and 4.The stringer and riser board are constructed to 5.M25 concrete mixture is poured from the to to the
marked with a box scaffolding is added to the bottom to support the load create riser and tread of a step. bottom into the framework. Concrete vibrator is
during the construction process. used to ensure the concrete mixed evenly. A float is
used to smooth out the concrete surface .Concrete
tested by test cube to ensure its better condition.
STEEL BARS
STEEL WIRE
3. High tensile reinforcement steel bars are installed along the staircase.The steel bars are tied 6.After the concrete is harden the framework and scaffolding can be removed .The concrete staircase
together using a steel wire. This to provide extra structural strength. is done.
6.5 IN-SITU REINFORCED CONCRETE STAIRCASE CONSTRUCTION PROCESS (cont.)
CONCRETE VIBRATOR
-Used on concrete pour site.
INITIAL VIBRATION
-Removed free bubble and ensure concrete mixed evenly
LIQUIFIES CONCRETE,
-Strengthen the concrete
PARTICLES SEPARATE
-Ensure smooth surface RADIUS OF ACTION
7.0 REFERENCES
1. Site clearing process retrieved from http://www.reliablecontracting.com/how-site-clearing-prepares-a-construction-site/
2. Type of excavation retrieved from http://ronmeyerexcavating.com/types-of-excavation/
3. Type of scaffolding retrieved from https://theconstructor.org/building/types-of-scaffolding-in-construction/11845/
4. Chudley. R (2004). Building Construction Handbook. London: Butterworth-Heinemann
5. Fondation Poulos, H. G., & Davis, E. H. (1980). Pile foundation analysis and design (No. Monograph).
6. Dobni, D., & Zinkhan, G. M. (1990). In search of brand image: A foundation analysis. ACR North American Advances
8. Vesic, A. S. (1973). Analysis of ultimate loads of shallow foundations. Journal of Soil Mechanics & Foundations Div, 99(sm1).
10. Xiao, W. Q., Len, W. M., & Lu, W. T. (2004). Study on inner force and deformation of supporting structure for deep foundation pit. ROCK AND SOIL MECHANICS-WUHAN-, 25, 1271-1274.
.
11. Beam and Column : http://www.basiccivilengineering.com/2015/03/column-and-beam-system-in-construction.html
.
12. Column : http://www.dailycivil.com/basic-construction-process-rcc-column/
14. Flemish Bond vs Common Bond: Pros and Cons retrieved by https://www.doityourself.com/stry/flemish-bond-vs-common-bond-pros-and-cons
.
15. Running Bond vs Stack Bond: Pros and Cons retrieved by https://www.doityourself.com/stry/running-bond-vs-stack-bond-pros-and-cons
16. Difference between Precast & Cast-in-situ Concrete retrieved by https://gharpedia.com/difference-between-precast-cast-in-situ-concrete/
17. CLAY BRICKS VS CONCRETE BRICKS – WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE? retrieved by www.johnirwinchicago.com/real-estate-resources/2016/12/2/rml64qpph7utw93rz6uhubhbteylth
18. Staircase components https://theconstructor.org/tips/components-of-staircase/7534/