MEV12003

INDUSTRIAL POWER SYSTEM

 INTRODUCTION

Protective relay is a device designed to trip a circuit breaker

when fault is detected.
 Protective relay were electromagnetic device
 It is operating on moving parts to provide detection of
abnormal condition.
 Electromechanical protective relay use at hydroelectrical
plant.
 The relay are in round glass cases.
 The need to act quickly to protect circuit to protect
equipment and trip a breaker with in a few thousands of
seconds.
 A relay is a automatic device
which senses an abnormal
condition of electric circuit and
closes its contacts
A protection relay is a smart device that receive inputs, compares them to set
points, and provide outputs . Inputs can be current, voltage, resistance or
temperature. Outputs can include visual feedback in the form of indicator
lights. A diagram is shown below.:
 PROTECTION SETTINGS: INTRODUCTION
• 1. A power system is composed of a number of sections
(equipment) such as generator, transformer, bus bar and
transmission line.
• 2. These sections are protected by protective relaying systems
comprising of instrument transformers (ITs), protective relays,
circuit breakers (CBs) and communication equipment.
• 3. In case of a fault occurring on a section, its associated
protective relays should detect the fault and issue trip signals
to open their associated CBs to isolate the faulted section
from the rest of the power system, in order to avoid further
damage to the power system.
 Protection Settings: Introduction
 Below Fig. 1 is an typical example of power system sections with their
protection systems. Where: G1 is a generator. T1 is a transformer. B1,...,B5
are bus bars. L45 is a transmission line (TL). RG is a generator protective
relay. RT is a transformer protective relay. RB is a bus protective relay. RL-
4,...,RL-9 are TL protective relays. C1,..., C9 are CBs.
PROTECTION SETTINGS: INTRODUCTION
 Maximum fault clearance times are usually
specified by the regulating bodies and network
service providers.
 The clearing times are given for local and remote
CBs and depend on the voltage level and are
determined primarily to meet stability
requirements and minimize plant damage.
 The maximum clearance times of the backup
protection are also specified.
FUNCTIONS OF EQUIPMENT PROTECTION
 Protection schemes are generally divided into equipment
protection and system protection.
 The main function of equipment protection is to selectively and
rapidly detect and disconnect a fault on the protected circuit
to:
 ensure optimal power quality to customers;
 minimize damage to the primary plant;
 prevent damage to healthy equipment that conducts fault
current during faults;
 restore supply over the remaining healthy network;
 sustain stability and integrity of the power system;
 limitsafety hazard to the power utility personnel and the
public.
FUNCTIONS OF PROTECTIVE RELAYS
• The protection functions are considered adequate when the protection relays perform correctly in terms of:
• Dependability: the probability of not having a failure to operate under given conditions for a given time
interval.
• Security: the probability of not having an unwanted operation under given conditions for a given time
interval.
• Speed of operation: the clearance of faults in the shortest time is a fundamental requirement (transmission
system), but this must be seen in conjunction with the associated cost implications and the performance
requirements for a specific application.
SEQUENCE OF PROTECTION OPERATION