Chapter 10 Sinusoidal Steady- State Power Calculations

In Chapter 9 , we calculated the steady state voltages and currents in electric circuits
driven by sinusoidal sources

We used phasor method to find the steady state voltages and currents

In this chapter, we consider power in such circuits

The techniques we develop are useful for analyzing many of the electric devices we
encounter daily, because sinusoidal sources are predominate means of providing electric
power in our homes, school and businesses

Examples
Electric Heater which transform electric energy to thermal energy
Electric Stove and oven
Toasters
Iron
Electric water heater
And many others
10.1 Instantaneous Power
Consider the following circuit represented by a black box

i (t )
i (t )  I m cos(t  i )

v (t ) v (t )  V m cos(t  v )


The instantaneous power assuming passive sign convention

( Current in the direction of voltage drop    )

p (t ) v (t )i (t ) ( Watts )

If the current is in the direction of voltage rise (   ) the instantaneous power is

 p (t )   v (t )i (t )
v (t )

i (t )
 i (t )
i (t )  I m cos(t  i ) i (t )  I m cos(t )

v (t ) v (t )  V m cos(t  v  i )
 v (t )  V m cos(t  v )

p (t ) v (t )i (t )  {V m cos(t  v  i )}{I m cos(t )}

 V m I m cos(t  v  i ) cos(t )

Since 1 1
cos cos   cos(   )  cos(   )
2 2
Therefore

p (t )  V m I m cos(v  i )  V m I m cos(2t v  i )

2 2
Since
cos(   )  cos cos   sin sin 

cos(2t v  i )  cos(v  i )cos(2t )  sin(v  i )sin(2t )

p (t )  V m I m cos(v  i )  V m I m cos(v  i )cos(2t ) V m I m sin(v  i )sin(2t )

2 2 2
 i (t )
i (t )  I m cos(t )

v (t ) v (t )  V m cos(t  v  i )


p (t )  V m I m cos(v  i )  V m I m cos(v  i ) cos(2t ) V m I m sin(v  i ) sin(2t )

2 2 2

v =60o i =0o

You can see that that the frequency of the Instantaneous

power is twice the frequency of the voltage or current
 10.2 Average and Reactive Power
Recall the Instantaneous power p(t)

p (t )  V m I m cos(v  i )  V m I m cos(v  i ) cos(2t ) V m I m sin(v  i ) sin(2t )

2 2 2

p (t )  P  P cos(2t ) Q sin(2t )

where

P  V m I m cos(v  i ) Average Power (Real Power)

2
Q  V m I m sin(v  i ) Reactive Power
2
Average Power P is sometimes called Real power because it describes the power in
a circuit that is transformed from electric to non electric ( Example Heat )

It is easy to see why P is called Average Power because

t0+T t0+T
 
1 1
p (t )dt  { P  P cos(2t )Q sin(2t )}dt  P
T t0 T t0
Power for purely resistive Circuits
p (t )  P  P cos(2t ) Q sin(2t )

v =i P  V m I m cos(v  i )  V m I m cos(0)  V mIm

2 2 2
V mIm
Q  V m I m sin(v  i )  V m I m sin(0)  0
2 2

p (t )  V m I m  V m I m cos(2t )
2 2

V mIm
2

The Instantaneous power can never be negative

power can not be extracted from a purely resistive network

Power for purely Inductive Circuits p (t )  P  P cos(2t ) Q sin(2t )

v =i  90o v i = 90o P  V m I m cos(v  i )  V m I m cos(90o )  0

2 2

p (t )   V m I m sin(2t ) Q  V m I m sin(v  i )  V m I m sin(90o )  V m I m

2 2 2 2
The Instantaneous power p(t) is continuously V mIm
exchanged between the circuit and the source 2
driving the circuit. The average power is zero

When p(t) is positive, energy is being stored in

the magnetic field associated with the inductive
element
When p(t) is negative, energy is being extracted
from the magnetic field
The power associated with purely inductive
circuits is the reactive power Q
The dimension of reactive power Q is the same
as the average power P. To distinguish them we
use the unit VAR (Volt Ampere Reactive) for V mIm

reactive power 2
Power for purely Capacitive Circuits p (t )  P  P cos(2t ) Q sin(2t )

v =i  90o v i =  90o P  V m I m cos(v  i ) V m I m cos(90o )  0

2 2

p (t ) V m I m sin(2t ) Q  V m I m sin(v  i )  V m I m sin(90o )  V m I m

2 2 2 2
The Instantaneous power p(t) is continuously V mIm
exchanged between the circuit and the source 2
driving the circuit. The average power is zero

When p(t) is positive, energy is being stored in

the electric field associated with the capacitive
element
When p(t) is negative, energy is being extracted
from the electric field
The power associated with purely capacitive
circuits is the reactive power Q (VAR)

V mIm

2
 The power factor
Recall the Instantaneous power p(t)
p (t )  V m I m cos(v  i )  V m I m cos(v  i ) cos(2t ) V m I m sin(v  i ) sin(2t )
2 2 2
P average P average Q reactive
power power power

 P  P cos(2t ) Q sin(2t )

The angle v  i plays a role in the computation of both average and reactive power

The angle v  i is referred to as the power factor angle

We now define the following :

The power factor pf  cos(v  i )

The reactive factor rf  sin(v  i )

The power factor pf  cos(v  i )

Knowing the power factor pf does not tell you the power factor angle , because
cos(v  i )  cos(i v )

To completely describe this angle, we use the descriptive phrases lagging power factor
and leading power factor

Lagging power factor implies that current lags voltage hence an inductive load

Leading power factor implies that current leads voltage hence a capacitive load
10.3 The rms Value and Power Calculations

Assume that a sinusoidal voltage is applied to the terminals of a resistor as shown

V m cos(t  v ) R

Suppose we want to determine the average power delivered to the resistor

  dt  1
2
 
cos(t  ) t0+T

t0+T t0+T V
 
1 
P
1
p (t )dt  1 m v  V 2 cos 2 (t  )dt 
R T m v 
T t0 T t0 R  t0 

t0+T

1
However since V rms  V 2 cos 2 (t  )dt
T t0 m v
2
V
P  rms If the resistor carry sinusoidal current P  RI rms
2

R
 Recall the Average and Reactive power

P  V m I m cos(v  i ) Q  V m I m sin(v  i )
2 2

Which can be written as

P  V m I m cos(v  i ) Q  V m I m sin(v  i )
2 2 2 2

Therefore the Average and Reactive power can be written in terms of the rms value as

P  V rmsI rms cos(v  i ) Q  V rms I rms sin(v  i )

The rms value is also referred to as the effective value eff

Therefore the Average and Reactive power can be written in terms of the eff value
as
P  V eff I eff cos(v  i ) Q  V eff I eff sin(v  i )
Example 10.3
 10.4 Complex Power

Previously, we found it convenient to introduce sinusoidal voltage and current in terms

of the complex number the phasor

Definition
Let the complex power be the complex sum of real power and reactive power

S  P  jQ

were
S is the complex power
P is the average power
Q is the reactive power
 Advantages of using complex power S  P  jQ

 We can compute the average and reactive power from the complex power S

P  {S } Q  {S }

 complex power S provide a geometric interpretation

j
S  P  jQ  S e
S Q
were (reactive power)

S = P Q 2 2
Is called apparent power
P
(average power)
Q  V I cos(   )   cos(   ) 
 =tan     tan   m m v i   tan   v
 v i 
i  tan  tan(   )  v  i
P  

V m I m sin(v   )
i 
 

sin(v   )
i 

power factor angle

The geometric relations for a right triangle mean the four power triangle dimensions
(|S|, P, Q,  ) can be determined if any two of the four are known
Example 10.4
10.5 Power Calculations

S  P  jQ  V m I m cos(v  i )  j V m I m sin(v  i )
2 2
j (v  i ) j (v  i )
V I cos(v   )  j sin(v   ) 
V I e  V eff I eff e
 m m m m
2  i i  2
j v j i
 V eff e I eff e  V eff I eff
*

*
I eff
were Is the conjugate of the current phasor I eff

I eff


V eff Circuit


1
Also S VI *
2
Alternate Forms for Complex Power
I eff
The complex power was defined as

V eff Circuit S  P  jQ

Then complex power was calculated to be
1
S  V eff I eff
* OR S VI *
2

However there several useful variations as follows:

First variation
I eff
*  (ZI
S  V eff I eff )I *
eff eff
 ZI I *
eff eff
 Z | I eff |2

V eff Z = R + jX  (R + j X ) | I eff |2  R | I eff |2 + j X | I eff |2
 P Q

2  1 2
P  R | I eff |2  2
R I eff
1
 R I m2 Q  X | I eff |2  X I eff XI
2 2 m
 Second variation
V * *
* V eff  eff  V effV eff |V eff |2
I eff S V eff I eff  Z


 
Z* Z*

 R  j X |V eff |2
V eff Z = R + jX |V eff |2 |V eff |2 R  j X
 
 R  jX R  j X R  jX R 2 X 2

R X
 |V eff |2  j |V eff |2
R 2 X 2 R 2 X 2
P Q

1 R
P R |V eff |2  R 2
V eff  V m2
R 2X 2 R 2X 2 2 R 2 X 2

X
|V eff |2  2
X 2 1 X
Q V eff  V m2
R 2 X 2 R X 2 2 R 2 X 2

P R |V eff |2  |V eff |
2
If Z = R (pure resistive) X= 0 Q 0
R 2X 2 R
X |
V |2
If Z = X (pure reactive) R= 0 P 0 Q 2
|V eff |  eff
2
R X 2 X
Example 10.5 Line
Load

rms because
the voltage is
given in terms
of rms
 P  975 W Q  650 var

Another solution The load average power is the power absorb by the load resistor 39 W
V RI R
Recall the average Power for purely resistive Circuits P  m m V R I R
2 eff ef f
were V R and I R Are the rms voltage across the resistor and the rms current through
eff ef f
the resistor
P V R IR  RI eff
2
eff eff
 
R
V
eff


Inductor
V
eff


From Power for purely resistive Circuits P  975 W

IL Q  650 var
1
P  V m I m V eff I eff P |V R || I R | V R I R
2 eff eff eff ef f

39 39 o
V R 195
234.36e j 3.18  195e j 36.87
o

VR  V  eff
eff 39 j 26 L 39 j 26
|V effR |
P V R I R  (195)(5)  975 W
eff eff

OR P V R IR  (RI R )I R  R (I R )2  (39)(52 )  (39)(25)  975 W

eff eff eff eff eff
j 93o
Q V eff I eff Q V 234.36e j 3.18  130e
Inductor Inductor j 26 j 26 o

I V Inductor  V 
eff eff eff 39 j 26 L 39 j 26
I L 5
V Inductor 130 Q  (130)(5)  650 VAR OR Q  XI eff
2  650 var
eff
 Line

V Line 
eff

P  I eff
2 R

Q  I eff
2 X

OR using complex power

1 j 4 Line  250 V
S Line  V eff
LineI * V Line  (250) OR V
eff eff (1 j 4)(39 j 26) eff L

V Line  20.6 39.1o V rms

eff

S Line  V eff
LineI *
 25  j 100 VA
eff  20.6 39.1o 5 36.87o 103 75.97o
 Line
Load

From part (c) From part (b)

S S +S  (25  975)  j (100 + 650)1000  j 750 VA
Absorb Line Load (25 j 100) + (975 j 650)

S = S  (1000  j 750) VA
Supply Absorb

S   250 0o (I* )   250 0o  1250 36.87o VA

OR Supply L

 1000  j 750 VA
Example 10.6 Calculating Power in Parallel Loads
pf  cos(v  i )
S  8000  j 6000 VA S  20000  j 10000 VA
1 S 12000  j 16000 VA
2
The apparent power which must be supplied to these loads is

|S | | 20000  j 10000| VA  22.36 kVA