Chapter 8

The Steady State Magnetic Field

The Concept of Field (Physical Basis ?)

Why do Forces Must Exist?

Magnetic Field – Requires Current Distribution

Effect on other Currents – next chapter

Free-space Conditions

Magnetic Field - Relation to its source – more complicated

Accept Laws on “faith alone” – later proof (difficult)

Do we need faith also after the proof?

Magnetic Field Sources

Magnetic fields are produced by electric currents, which can be macroscopic currents
in wires, or microscopic currents associated with electrons in atomic orbits.
Magnetic Field – Concepts, Interactions and Applications

From GSU Webpage

Biot-Savart Law
At any point P the magnitude of the magnetic
field intensity produced by a differential
element is proportional to the product of the
current, the magnitude of the differential
length, and the sine of the angle lying
between the filament and a line connecting
the filament to the point P at which the field is
desired; also, the magnitude of the field is
inversely proportional to the square of the
distance from the filament to the point P. The
constant of proportionality is 1/4


IdL  aR IdL  R
dH Magnetic Field Intensity A/m
2 3
4  R 4  R


 I
H dL  a R Verified experimentally
 2
 4  R

Biot-Savart = Ampere’s law for the current element.
Biot-Savart Law B-S Law expressed in terms of distributed sources

The total current I within a transverse

Width b, in which there is a uniform
surface current density K, is Kb.

 For a non-uniform surface current

I  KdN density, integration is necessary.


 
 K_x  J_x
Alternate Forms H d S aR H d v  aR
 2  2
 4  R  4  R
 
Biot-Savart Law
The magnitude of the
field is not a function
of phi or z and it
varies inversely
proportional as the
distance from the
filament.
The direction is of the
magnetic field
intensity vector is
circumferential.

 

 I I   
H2
 
d z1 az    a  z1 az   d z1 a
3 4   3
 



 2
4    z1
2 2 


 2
 z1
2  2

 

I
H2  a
2  
Biot-Savart Law

I
H     
 sin  2  sin  1  a 
4  
 Example 8.1
8  
  sin  53.1
   1  a
H2x   
4  ( 0.3)   180  

8  
  sin  53.1
  1

H2x    H2x  3.819
4  ( 0.3)   180  

a must be refered to the x axis - which becomes az

8  
  1  sin  36.9
     a 
H2y  z
4  ( 0.4)   180  

8  
  1  sin  36.9
 
H2y   H2y  2.547
4  ( 0.4)   180  
2x  atan 
 0.4 
1x  90 
180  0.3 
H2  H2x  H2y H2  6.366 az
1y  atan 
0.3 
 
 0.4  2y  90
180
Ampere’s Circuital Law

The magnetic field in space around an electric current is proportional to the electric
current which serves as its source, just as the electric field in space is proportional to the
charge which serves as its source.
Ampere’s Circuital Law


 H_dot_ d L I


Ampere’s Circuital Law states that the line integral of H about any closed
path is exactly equal to the direct current enclosed by the path.

We define positive current as flowing in the direction of the advance of a

right-handed screw turned in the direction in which the closed path is
traversed.
Ampere’s Circuital Law - Example

 2  2 
 
 H_dot_ d L  H  d  H    1 d I
  
0 0

I
H
2  
Ampere’s Circuital Law - Example

I
H a b
2  

I   a H 0  c
H
2
2  a

  2  b2 
2    H I  I  
 2 2
c b 

2 2
I  b
H 
2  2 2
c b

2 2
I c 
H    
2   2 2
c b
Ampere’s Circuital Law - Example
Ampere’s Circuital Law - Example
Ampere’s Circuital Law - Example
CURL

The curl of a vector function is the

vector product of the del operator
with a vector function
CURL


 H_dot_ d L

( curl_H)aN lim
SN  0 SN
CURL

curl_H = x H

Ampere’s Circuital Law

x H = J
Second Equation of Maxwell

x E = 0 Third Equation
CURL

Illustration of Curl Calculation

 d H  d H  a   d H  d H a   d H  d H a
CurlH  z y x  x z y  y x z
 d y d z   d z d x   d x d y 

 ax ay az 
 
CurlH 
d d d 
 dx dy dz 
H Hy

Hz 
 x
CURL

Example 1

In a certain conducting region, H is defined by:

2
H1x( x y  x)  y  x x  y
2  2
H1y( x y  z)  y  x z
2 2
H1z( x y  z)  4 x  y

Determine J at: x  5 y  2 z  3

d d 
DelXHx  H1z( x y  z)  H1y( x y  z) DelXHx  420 ax
dy dz

d d 
DelXHy  H1x( x y  z)  H1z( x y  z) DelXHy  98 ay
dz dx

d d 
DelXHz  H1y( x y  z)  H1x( x y  z) DelXHz  75 az
dx dy
CURL

Example 2

2 2
H2x( x y  x)  0 H2y( x y  z)  x  z H2z( x y  z)  y  x

x  2 y  3 z  4

d d 
DelXHx  H2z( x y  z)  H2y( x y  z) DelXHx  16 ax
dy dz

d d 
DelXHy  H2x( x y  z)  H2z( x y  z) DelXHy  9 ay
dz dx

d d 
DelXHz  H2y( x y  z)  H2x( x y  z) DelXHz  16 az
dx dy
Example 8.2
Stokes’ Theorem

The sum of the closed line

integrals about the perimeter
of every Delta S is the same
as the closed line integral
about the perimeter of S
because of cancellation on
every path.
 
 H_dot_ d L  ( Del  H)_dot_ d S
 
S
 Hr r      6 r sin  
Example 8.3
H r      0

H r      18 r sin     cos  

segment 1
r  4 0    0.1    0

segment 2

r  4   0.1  0    0.3 

segment 3

r  4 0    0.1    0.3 

  
dL dr ar  r d a  r sin     d a

First tem = 0 on all segments (dr = 0)

Second term = 0 on segment 2 ( constant)
Third term = 0 on segments 1 and 3 ( = 0 or constant)

   
 H dL  H r d   H r sin    d  H r d

   
0.3 

since H=0  H r       r sin     d   22.249

0
Magnetic Flux and Magnetic Flux Density

7 H
B  0 H 0 4  10 permeability in free space
m


  B_dot_ d S



 B_dot_ d S 0

The Scalar and Vector Magnetic Potentials

H Del_Vm J 0

b

Vm  H_dot_ d L

a
The Scalar and Vector Magnetic Potentials
Derivation of the Steady-Magnetic-Fields Laws