UNDER WATER

CONSTRUTION
Introduction
Under Water Construction Techniques
Under Water Lying Of Concrete
Conclusion
References
Under Water Construction Techniques

 CAISSONS
 COFFERDAMS
 CAISSONS

Permanent structure.
Large hollow structure that is sunk down through the earth
Used in the construction of bridge piers, building columns, dams.

TYPES:
Open caisson
Pneumatic caisson
Box caisson
Suction caisson
Open caisson Pneumatic caisson
Box caisson Suction caisson
 ADVANTAGES OF CAISSONS

• Economic.
• Slightly less noise and reduced vibrations.
• Easily adaptable to varying site conditions.
• High axial and lateral loading capacity.
• Minimal handling equipment is required for placement
of reinforcing cage.
• Placement is sometimes possible in types of soil that a driven
pile could not penetrate
 COFFERDAMS

• Temporary structure, designed to keep water (or) soil out of the

excavation
• Built within pairs across water bodies
• Generally used for shallow constructions depth is ˂ 10 Meters
COMPONENTS OF COFFERDAM
TYPES OF COFFERDAMS

• Dikes
• Cellular cofferdams
• Rock-filled crib cofferdams
• Concrete cofferdams
• Suspended cofferdams
 ADVANTAGES OF COFFERDAM

• Allow Excavation and construction of structures in otherwise

poor environment
• Provides safe environment to work
• Contractors typically have design responsibility
• Steel sheet piles are easily installed and removed
• Materials can typically be reused on other projects
Comparison Between Caisson & Coffer dam
Caisson : Coffer dam :
•Permanent Structure •Temporary
•Plan of small area Structure
•Water height more than •Plan of large area
12 M •Water height upto
12 M
 UNDERWATER CONCRETING

It is a process in which the prepared concrete is poured below

the water surface by using suitable methods

PLACEMENT METHODS:
• Tremie method
• Pump method
• Toggle bags
• Bagwork
Tremie concrete

•A Tremie is a watertight
pipe
•Generally 250mm in dia.
•Funnel shaped hopper at
its upper end and a loose
plug at the bottom.
•It is supported on a
working platform above
water level.
 Pump method

•Pumping concrete directly into its

final position, involving both
horizontal and vertical
delivery of concrete.

•Pumping concrete has

the advantage of operational
efficiency with potential savings of
time and labor.

•For massive underwater concrete

construction of navigation
structures, the pump method should
be prohibited.
TOGGLE BAGS
• Toggle bags are ideal for small amounts of concrete
placement.
• Concrete is squeezed out by a diver
• Used for repair work.
BAG WORK
• Bags are made of open weave material.
• Diver-handled bags are usually of 10 to 20 litres
capacity but 1M3 bags can be placed using a crane.
 REFERENCES

• “ Underwater concrete”- by Dr Jagadish R

• “Concrete technology” – by M S Shetty
• “Assessment of underwater concrete Technologies for
in-the-wet construction of navigation structures”- by
Sam X. Yao, Dale E. Berner, BenC. Gerwick
• “ Foundation engineering”- by R. B. Peck, W. E
Hanson, T.H. Thornburn
Sn paper author abstract
o.

1 open caisson underwater Jitesh Mehta, a brief description

construction technique and Jayeshkumar Pitroda, of the open caisson is done which is
placement J.J.Bhavsar constructed using under water techniques.
tremie method
for concrete placement is discussed. The
general description of open caisson in detail, its
technical aspects, improvement in new
techniques and also its advantages and
disadvantages
are discussed

2 Principles and Kiran Dabral , R There is a global need for preparing the UWC
Experimental Methods for Selvara , Simon which should have properties to suit the current
Underwater Concrete requirements to withstand environmental
Formulations needs, strength, anti-washout properties, quick
setting and also to have bonding properties
with existing old concretes for the repairing
purposes
sn Papers Author abstract
o
3 Effect of Mixture M. Sonebi and K. H. Concrete used for underwater repair is often
Composition on Relative Khayat proportioned to spread readily into place and self-
Strength of Highly consolidate, and to develop high resistance to
Flowable Underwater segregation and water dilution. An investigation was
Concrete carried out to determine the effect of the dosage of
antiwashout admixture, water-cementitious materials
ratio (w/cm), and binder composition on the relative
residual strength of highly flowable underwater
concrete.

4 Applications of K. H. Khayat, A. factorial design was carried out to model mathematically the
Statistical Models for Yahia, and M. Sonebi influence of five key parameters on slump consistency,
Proportioning washout mass loss, and compressive strength that are
Underwater Concrete important for the successful development of underwater
concrete. The parameters considered in this study were the
content of cementitious materials, water-to-cementitious
material ratio, (w/cm) sand-to-total aggregate ratio, (s/a) and
concentrations of antiwashout admixture and high-range water
reducer. The derived statistical models are valid for a wide
range of mixture proportioning and reveal the order of
influence of each parameter on the modeled responses. The
utility of such models to optimize concrete mixtures to achieve
good balance between slump consistency, washout resistance,
compressive strength, and cost is discussed
THANK YOU