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PRESENTATION ON
MASTER OF TECHNOLOGY
IN
STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING
SUBMITTED BY
SANTOSH
USN-3PD12CSE12
2 Zone II -
3.5 water: Clean portable water is used for the preparation of concrete mix and for
curing concrete.
3.6 Mix proportions:
C1 407.2
C3 411.5
CHAPTER – 4
EXPERIMENTAL PROGRAM
4.1 OBJECTIVES
To study the behavior of reinforced concrete beams with circular pre-
opening at shear zone.
To estimate the loss of load carrying capacity of beams with opening
compared to solid beam.
To estimate the percentage increase in the load carrying capacity of
preloaded beams strengthened with CFRP and GFRP sheets as compared to
the solid beam and control beam.
To study the crack pattern, load deflection behavior and failure modes in
strengthened and non-strengthened beams with circular opening.
Table 4.1: Details of the beam specimens
The steel consists of 2 main bar of 12mm diameter at the bottom and 2 holding
bar of 10mm diameter at the top m. tied with the vertical stirrups of 8mm diameter at a
spacing of 150m
CEMENT (kg) FINE AGGREGATE (kg) COARSE AGGRGATE (kg) WATER (lt.)
The plywood moulds were used for casting of beams and beam had a
rectangular cross section of 150mm wide and 250mm depth and a length of
2000mm (in to in dimension). The moulds were coated initially with oil so as to
enable easy removal of the moulds. Cover blocks were used to ensure that an
effective cover of 30mm.
The concrete is prepared in tray using the required quantity of the
constituent materials and mixed thoroughly by using required tools. Concrete is
poured into the mould and compacted in three layers and each layer is compacted
by using tamping rod to obtain a uniform distribution. The top surface is finished
well by using trowel as shown in figure 4.3
4.4Curing
All the beams were demoulded carefully after 24 hours of casting and in pre-opening cases
the solid wooden piece placed in position of shear zone and it is removed hitting by hammer. The
beams were then cured for a period of 28 days by placing it in a curing tank as shown in figure
4.6.
SOLID BEAM
120
100
80
20
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
Deflection in mm
80
70
60
Load inKN
50
right deflection
40 center deflection
Below opening
30
20
10
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
Deflection in mm
DEFLECTION AT OPENING
120 SB
100 CB
80 B1
Load in kN
60 B2
40 B3
20
B4
0
B5
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
Deflection in mm
B6
Fig 5.26: Cracking pattern for the beam 1 (30% preloaded, GFRP sheets)
The beam 1 shown in figure 5.26 is strengthened with GFRP sheets. The first crack is
observed in the beam at a load of 20 KN. The beam failed in shear zone at a ultimate load of
98KN.
Fig. 5.27: Cracking pattern for the beam 2 (45% preloaded, GFRP sheets)
The beam 2 shown in figure 5.27 is strengthened with GFRP sheets. The beam failed in
flexure zone at an ultimate load of 94 KN.
Fig. 5.28: Cracking pattern for the beam 3 (60% preloaded, GFRP sheets)
The beam 3 shown in figure 5.28 is strengthened with GFRP sheets. The beam failed in
flexure zone at an ultimate load of 92 KN.
Fig. 5.29: Cracking pattern for the beam 4 (30% preloaded, CFRP sheets)
The beam 4 shown in figure 5.29 is strengthened with CFRP sheets. The first crack is
observed in the beam at a load of 26 KN. The beam failed in flexure zone at an ultimate load
of 106 KN.
Fig. 5.30: Cracking pattern for the beam 5 (45% preloaded, CFRP sheets)
The beam 5 shown in figure 5.30 is strengthened with CFRP sheets. The beam failed in
flexure zone at an ultimate load of 102 KN.
Fig. 5.31: Cracking pattern for the beam 6 (60% preloaded, CFRP sheets)
The beam 6 shown in figure 5.31 is strengthened with CFRP sheets. The beam failed in
flexure zone at an ultimate load of 98 KN.
5.4 Results and Discussion
Table 5.15: Test Results
Increase
Crack Ultimate in load percentage
Beam Strengthening Deflection Mode of
Preloading load load in carrying decrease in
designation technique in mm failure
in KN KN capacity deflection
in %
Not
SB - strengthened 28 106 - 10.60 - Flexure
Not
CB - strengthened 22 80 - 10.42 - Shear
Strengthened
B1 30% with GFRP 20 98 22.5 8.20 21.30 Flexure
Strengthened
B2 45% with GFRP 18 94 17.5 8.39 19.50 Flexure
Strengthened
B3 60% with GFRP 20 92 15 6.42 38.38 Flexure
Strengthened
B4 30% with CFRP 22 106 32.5 8.26 20.73 Shear
Strengthened
B5 45% with CFRP 20 102 27.5 8.49 18.53 Flexure
Strengthened
B6 60% with CFRP 20 98 22.5 6.60 36.68 Flexure
DISCUSSION
Examining the results presented in the Table 5.15, it is clear that the presence of an opening
within the shear zone reduces the load carrying capacity by 24.5%.
From the results it is clear that the preloaded beams strengthened with CFRP and GFRP
sheets have shown increase in load carrying capacity and decrease in deflection.
The first crack load observed in the solid beam and control beam are 28KN and 22KN
respectively.
For the beams B1, B2 and B3 strengthened with GFRP sheets the percentage increase in load
carrying capacity observed is 22.5%, 17.5% and 15% respectively as compared to control
beam, where as the beams B4, B5 and B6 strengthened with CFRP sheets the percentage
increase in load carrying capacity observed is 32.5%, 27.5% and 22.5% respectively.
The beam B4 strengthened with CFRP sheet preloaded up to 30% has failed at an ultimate
load of 106 KN, where as beam B1 strengthened with GFRP preloaded up to 30% has failed
at an ultimate load of 98 KN.
For the beams strengthened with GFRP sheets for every increase in 15% in preloading the
percentage increase in load carrying capacity gets reduced i.e. by 5% and 2.5% and in case of
beams strengthened with CFRP sheets for every increase in 15% in preloading the percentage
in load carrying capacity is reduced by 5%.
The percentage increase in load carrying capacity in beams B4, B5 and B6 strengthened with
CFRP sheets is 2.27%, 8.52% and 6.52% more than beams B1, B2 and B3 strengthened with
GFRP sheets respectively.
For the beams B1, B2, B3 percentage decrease in deflection observed is 21.30%, 19.50%
and 38.38% respectively as compared to the control beam, where as in case of beams B4,
B5, B6 the percentage decrease in deflection observed is 20.73%, 18.53% and 36.68%
respectively as compared to the control beam.
The control beam (CB) failed in shear by development of diagonal crack at opening. The
beams strengthened with GFRP and CFRP sheets failed in flexure, instead of diagonal
failure at opening because FRP sheets prevent the propagation of cracks at the opening.
CHAPTER-6
CONCLUSION
From the study it is concluded that, the inclusion of circular opening significantly decreases
load carrying capacity by 24.5% as compared to solid beam.
For preloaded beams B1, B2 and B3 strengthened with GFRP sheets the percentage increase
in load carrying capacity observed is 22.5%, 17.5% and 15% respectively as compared to
control beam.
For preloaded beams B4, B5 and B6 strengthened with CFRP sheets the percentage increase
in load carrying capacity observed is 32.5%, 27.5% and 22.5% respectively as compared to
control beam.
From the study it is observed that the beams strengthened at higher level of preloads have a
lower load carrying capacity than those of beams strengthened at lower levels of preload.
The percentage increase in load carrying capacity for preloaded beams strengthened with
CFRP sheets is 8.27%, 8.52% and 6.52% in comparison to preloaded beams strengthened
with GFRP sheets.
For preloaded beams B1, B2 and B3 strengthened with GFRP sheets the percentage decrease
in deflection is 21.3%, 19.50% and 38.38% respectively as compared to control beam.
For preloaded beams B4, B5 and B6 strengthened with CFRP sheets the percentage decrease
in deflection is 20.73%, 18.53% and 36.68% respectively as compared to control beam.
From the crack pattern study it is observed that, the effective crack control is achieved by
using CFRP and GFRP sheets.
The application of GFRP and CFRP sheets thus reduces the excessive cracking and beam
deflection and increases the ultimate load carrying capacity and stiffness of the beam.
6.1 Scope for further study
The following topics may be investigated further in continuation of the present work.
Analysis of the present experimental work by using software.
Optimum size and location of the openings.
Prestressed concrete beams with openings.
Publication Details:
Research paper Published in International journal for scientific Research and
development.
Santosh kamthane , Prof. Shivaraj Mangalgi “Strengthening of Preloaded RC
Beams containing square opening at shear by using CFRP and GFRP sheets” vol.
2, No. 1, issue11, january 2015.
REFERENCES
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of the 6th Asia Pacific Structural Engineering and Construction Conference(APSEC
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2013.
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S.C.Chin, N.Shafiq and M.F.Nuruddin (2011) “Strengthening of RC beams containing
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technology, Vol: 60 pp. 1423-1429, 2011-12-25.
S.C.Chin, N.Shafiq and M.F.Nuruddin (2011). “Stregthnening of RC Beams with Large
Openings in Shear by CFRP Laminates: Experiment and 2D Nonlinear Finite Element
Analysis” Research Journal of Applied Sciences, Engineering and Technology 4(9): pp. 1172-
1180, 2012.
“IS: 10262-2009, Indian Standards, Recommended Guidelines for Concrete Mix Design.
“IS: 12269-1987, Test on Cement.
“IS: 383-1970, Test on Fine and Coarse Aggregate.
www.wikipedia.org/wiki/carbon-reinforced-polymer
THANK YOU