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Energy Conversion 6
Energy Conversion 6
Energy Conversion 6
(Course 25741)
Chapter Two
TRANSFORMERS
…continued
Transformer Voltage Regulation
and Efficiency
• Output Voltage of Transformer Varies with Load
• Due to Voltage Drop on Series Impedance of Transformer
Equivalent Model
• Full Load Regulation Parameter, compares output no-load
Voltage with its Full Load Voltage:
VS , N . L. VS , F . L.
V.R. = 100%
VS , F . L.
• At no load VS= VP / a thus :
(VP / a ) VF . L.
V.R.= 100%
VF . L.
VP , pu VS , FL, pu
• in per unit: V.R. = 100%
VS , FL, pu
• For Ideal Transformer V.R.=0
Transformer Voltage Regulation and
Efficiency
• The transformer phasor diagram
• To determine the voltage regulation of a transformer:
The voltage drops should be determined
• In below a Transformer equivalent circuit referred to
the secondary side shown:
Transformer Voltage Regulation
and Efficiency
• since current which flow in magnetizing branch is small
can be ignored
• Assuming secondary phasor voltage as reference VS with
an angle of 0◦
• Writing the KVL equation:
VP
VS Req I S jX eq I S
a
• From this equation the phasor diagram can be shown:
• At lagging power factor:
Transformer Voltage Regulation and
Efficiency
• If power factor is unity, VS is lower than VP so
V.R. > 0
• V.R. is smaller for lagging P.F.
• With a leading P.F., VS is larger VP V.R.<0
• P.F. =1
• P.F. leading
Transformer Voltage Regulation
and Efficiency
Table Summarize possible Value for V.R. vs Load P.F.:
• IH=ISE
• IL=ISE+IC
AUTO TRANSFORMER
• In step-up autotransformer:
• VC / VSE = NC / NSE (1)
• NC IC = NSE ISE (2)
• voltages in coils are related to terminal voltages
as follows:
• VL=VC (3)
• VH=VC+VSE (4)
• current in coils are related to terminal currents:
• IL=IC+ISE (5)
• IH=ISE (6)
AUTO TRANSFORMER
• Voltage & Current Relations in Autotransformer
• VH=VC+VSE
• since VC/VSE=NC/NSE VH=VC+ NSE/NC . VC
• Noting that: VL=VC
VH=VL+ NSE/NC . VL= (NSE+NC)/NC . VL
• VL / VH = NC / (NSE+NC) (7)
• Current relations:
• IL=IC+ISE employing Eq.(2) IC=(NSE / NC)ISE
• IL= (NSE / NC)ISE + ISE, since ISE=IH
IL= (NSE / NC)IH +IH = (NSE + NC)/NC . IH
IL / IH = (NSE + NC)/NC (8)
AUTO TRANSFORMER
• Apparent Power Rating Advantage of Autotransformer
• Note : not all power transferring from primary to
secondary in autotransformer pass through windings
• Therefore if a conventional transformer be
reconnected as an autotransformer, it can handle
much more power than its original rating
• The input apparent power to the step-up
autotransformer is : Sin=VLIL
• And the output apparent power is:
Sout=VH IH
AUTO TRANSFORMER
• And :
Sin=Sout=SIO
• Apparent power of transformer windings:
SW= VCIC=VSE ISE
• This apparent power can be reformulated:
SW= VCIC=VL(IL-IH) =VLIL-VLIH
• employing Eq.(8) SW= VLIL-VLIL NC/(NSE+NC)
=VLIL [(NSE+NC)-NC] /(NSE+NC)=SIO NSE /(NSE+NC)
SIO / SW = (NSE+NC) / NSE (9)
AUTO TRANSFORMER
• Eq.(9); describes apparent power rating advantage of
autotransformer over a conventional transformer –
• smaller the series winding the greater the advantage
• Example one: A 5000 kVA autotransformer connecting
a 110 kV system to a 138 kV system has an NC/NSE of
110/28
• for this autotransformer actual winding rating is:
• SW=SIO NSE/(NSE+NC)=5000 x 28/ (28+110)=1015 kVA
• Example Two: A 100 VA 120/12 V transformer is
connected as a step-up autotransformer, and primary
voltage of 120 applied to transformer.
AUTO TRANSFORMER
(a) what is the secondary voltage of transformer
(b) what is its maximum voltampere rating in this
mode of operation
(c) determine the rating advantage of this
autotransformer connection over transformer’s
rating of conventional 120/12 V operation
• Solution: NC/NSE= 120/12 (or 10:1)
• (a) using Eq.(7),VH= (12+120)/120 x 120 = 132 V
• (b) maximum VA rating 100 VA
ISE,max=100/12=8.33 A
AUTO TRANSFORMER
Sout=VSIS=VHIH= 132 x 8.33 = 1100 VA = Sin
(c) rating advantage:
SIO/SW=(NSE+NC)/NSE=(12+120)/12=11 or:
SIO/SW= 1100/100 = 11
• It is not normally possible to reconnect an ordinary transformer
as an autotransformer due to the fact that insulation of L.V. side
may not withstand full output voltage of autotransformer
connection
• Common practice: to use autotransformer when two voltages
fairly close
• Also used as variable transformers, where L.V. tap moves up &
down the winding
• Disadvantage: direct physical connection between primary &
secondary circuits, and electrical isolation of two sides is lost
AUTO TRANSFORMER
• Internal Impedance of an Autotransformer
• Another disadvantage: effective per unit
impedance of an autotransformer w.r.t. the
related conventional transformer is the
reciprocal of power advantage
• This is a disadvantage where the series
impedance is required to limit current flows
during power system faults (S.C.)
AUTO TRANSFORMER
• Example three:
• A transformer rated 1000 kVA, 12/1.2 kV, 60 Hz
when used as a two winding conventional
transformer and its series resistance &
reactance are 1 and 8 percent per unit
It is used as a 13.2/12 kV autotransformer
(a) what is now the transformer’s rating ?
(b) what is the transformer’s series impedance
in per unit?
AUTO TRANSFORMER
• Solution:
(a) NC/NSE= 12/1.2 (or 10:1) the voltage ratio of
autotransformer is 13.2/12 kV & VA rating :
SIO=(1+10)/1 x 1000 kVA=11000 kVA
(b) transformer’s impedance in per-unit when
connected as conventional transformer:
Zeq=0.01 + j 0.08 pu
Power advantage of autotransformer is 11, so
its per unit impedance would be:
Zeq=(0.01+j0.08)/11=0.00091+j0.00727 pu
Example of Variable Auto-Transformer