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CH 05
CH 05
DISCRETE RANDOM
VARIABLES AND THEIR
PROBABILITY
DISTRIBUTIONS
RANDOM VARIABLES
Definition
A random variable is a variable whose
value is determined by the outcome of a
random experiment.
Discrete Random Variable
Definition
A random variable that assumes countable
values is called a discrete random
variable.
Examples of discrete random variables
Definition
A random variable that can assume any value
contained in one or more intervals is called a
continuous random variable.
Continuous Random Variable
Examples of continuous random variables
Definition
The probability distribution of a
discrete random variable lists all the
possible values that the random variable
can assume and their corresponding
probabilities.
Example 5-1
x P( x)
2 2
Example 5-6
$2.314 million
Table 5.8 Computations to Find the Mean and
Standard Deviation
Interpretation of the Standard Deviation
The standard deviation of a discrete random
variable can be interpreted or used the same
way as the standard deviation of a data set in
Section 3.4 of Chapter 3.
FACTORIALS, COMBINATIONS, AND
PERMUTATIONS
Factorials
Definition
The symbol n!, read as “n factorial,”
represents the product of all the integers
from n to 1. In other words,
n! = n(n - 1)(n – 2)(n – 3) · · · 3 · 2 · 1
By definition,
0! = 1
Examples
Evaluate 7!
7! = 7 · 6 · 5 · 4 · 3 · 2 · 1 = 5040
Evaluate 10!
10! = 10 · 9 · 8 · 7 · 6 · 5 · 4 · 3 · 2 · 1
= 3,628,800
Evaluate (12-4)!
(12-4)! = 8! = 8 · 7 · 6 · 5 · 4 · 3 · 2 · 1
= 40,320
Example 5-11
Evaluate (5-5)!
(5-5)! = 0! = 1
Note that 0! is always equal to 1.
FACTORIALS, COMBINATIONS, AND
PERMUTATIONS
Combinations
Definition
Combinations give the number of ways x elements
can be selected from n elements. The notation used
to denote the total number of combinations is
n Cx
which is read as “the number of combinations of n
elements selected x at a time.”
Combinations
Combinations
Number of Combinations
The number of combinations for selecting x from
n distinct elements is given by the formula
n!
n Cx
x!(n x)!
where n!, x!, and (n-x)! are read as “n factorial,”
“x factorial,” “n minus x factorial,” respectively.
Example 5-12
An ice cream parlor has six flavors of ice
cream. Sadia wants to buy two flavors of ice
cream. If she randomly selects two flavors
out of six, how many combinations are
there?
Example 5-12: Solution
n = total number of ice cream flavors = 6
x = # of ice cream flavors to be selected = 2
6! 6! 6 5 4 3 2 1
6 C2 15
2!(6 2)! 2!4! 2 1 4 3 2 1
5! 5! 5 4 3 2 1 120
5 C3 10
3!(5 3)! 3!2! 3 2 1 2 1 6 2
Example 5-13: Solution
Permutations Notation
Permutations give the total selections of x element
from n (different) elements in such a way that the
order of selections is important. The notation used
to denote the permutations is
n Px
which is read as “the number of permutations of
selecting x elements from n elements.”
Permutations are also called arrangement.
Permutations Formula
n!
n Px
(n x )!
Prem Mann, Introductory Statistics, 7/E
Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons. All right reserved
Example 5-15
P( x) n C x p x q n x
where
n = total number of trials
p = probability of success
q = 1 – p = probability of failure
x = number of successes in n trials
n - x = number of failures in n trials
Let
D = a selected DVD player is defective P(D)=.05
G = a selected DVD player is good P(G)=.95
np and npq
where n is the total number of trails, p is the
probability of success, and q is the
probability of failure.
Prem Mann, Introductory Statistics, 7/E
Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons. All right reserved
Example 5-22
Let
N = total number of elements in the population
r = number of successes in the population
N – r = number of failures in the population
n = number of trials (sample size)
x = number of successes in n trials
n – x = number of failures in n trials
Cx N r Cn x
P( x) r
N Cn
e
x
(9.5) e6 9.5
P( x 6)
x! 6!
(735,091.8906)(.00007485)
720
0.0764
x e (8) 6 e 8 (262,144)(.00033546)
P( x 6) .1221
x! 6! 720
2
Prem Mann, Introductory Statistics, 7/E
Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons. All right reserved
Example 5-29
An auto salesperson sells an average of
.9 car per day. Let x be the number of
cars sold by this salesperson on any
given day. Find the mean, variance, and
standard deviation.
.9 car
2 .9
.9 .949 car
Screen 5.3
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