Módulo: 2 Unidad: 1 Semana: 2

INGLES PARA NEGOCIOS IV

Mg. MARÍA ESTHER BARRIGA RUIZ

 ORIENTACIONES

 At the end of this unit you will be able to use the present
perfect tense..

 You will make sentence using the the present perfect

with adverbs.
 CONTENIDO TEMATICO

• Presnt Perfect Tense

• Present Perfect Tense: Affirmative, Negative and
Interrogative form.
• Questions and short answers
• Wh-questions
• How long….?
• Adverb: already, just, yet, never, ever.still
• For/Since
• Past Simple vs. Pesent perfect
 What do you need
the Present Perfect for ?

• to tell what you have done recently/ lately.

• to tell what you have just or already done.
• to tell what you have never/ ever done.
• to tell what you have done so far/ up to now.
• to tell what you have done today/ this week/ this
month/ this year.

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What is so confusing about it ?

• It can describe
either present or
past activities !

• There is no similar
grammatical item
in Polish !

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 How can you form
the Present Perfect?

Positive I, you, we , they, have done

sentence he, she, it, has worked

Negative I, you, we , they, haven’t done

sentence he, she, it, hasn’t worked
Question Have I, you,we, they, done?
Has he, she, it worked?

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Why don’t you try some exercises?

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 Choose the correct answer.

• Peter ........never
watched „Maja • Peter ........ has
bee”. never watched
• A) had „Maja Bee”.
• B) have
• C) has • Congratulations
!
• D) none of these
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 How about this?

• Lidka hasn’t • None of these

........to Majorka • Lidka hasn’t
yet. been to Majorka
• A) had .
• B) seen • Precisely!
• C) drove
• D) none of these
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 Try the next question.

• ....you ever
smoked? • Have you ever
• A) has smoked?
• B) do
• C) have • Good!
• D) none of these

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 Choose the correct answer again.

• She hasn’t • She hasn’t

..........the dinner cooked the
already. dinner already
• A) cooks
• B) cooked • Very well!
• C) make
• D) none of these 12
 Can you do this one ?

• He hasn’t ........ a • None of these

shower today. • He hasn’t taken
• A) take a shower today.
• B) took
• C) taked • Well done!
• D) none of these

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 Try this one !

• ...........Joan
ever...........a • Has Joan ever
shark? eaten a shark?
• A) has J. eat
• B) does J. eaten
• C) has J. eaten • Not bad! Keep
• D) none of these on trying
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 Choose the correct answer one more time.

• None of these
• She has never
kissed a man.
• She has ........ a
man.
• A) never kiss
• B) ever kissed • Of course, you
• C) just kisses are right !
• D) none of these 15
 Choose the correct answer.

• ..........you ever • Have you ever

......... your head ? lost your head ?
• A) have..........lost
• B) do............lose • Right again!
• C) did...........lose
• D) none of these 16
 Choose the best answer again !

• Tom and Arthur • Tom and Arthur

........................a haven’t bought a
dog so far. dog so far.
• A) don’t buy
• B) hasn’t bought
• C) haven’t bought
• D) didn’t buy • Excellent!
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 What’s the right answer now?

• .................Peter and • Have Peter and

Mat ............... abroad Mat been
before? abroad before ?
• You are
• Has..............been absolutely right
• Have............seen !
• Have............been
• None of these
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 Why don’t you
test yourself again?

• What action can you describe

with the Present Perfect?
• How do you form it ?
• What time expressions can you
use with the Present Perfect?
• What’s the difference between
the Present Perfect and the
Simple Past ?
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 Since
Since is used for:
 start of the time
 a particular time

Since Monday
start of the time

Monday

Past Present
 Since can be used with ............

9 o’clock
April 4th a month ago

2001 Since last weekend

12:30 Christmas
I came to
Buffalo
 Sample sentences with Since

I have been in the office since 9 o’clock.

I have lived in Buffalo since 2006.
She has known John since December 12th.
We haven’t taken a test since last week.
I have had a driving license since I was 18.
They have taken this class since January.
It hasn’t snowed since two weeks ago.
 For
For is used for:
 a period of time
 a duration of time

For four days

1 2 3 4

Past Present
 For can be used with ………….

an hour
two weeks a long time

a month For ten seconds

five years a decade

ten minutes
 Sample Sentences with For

I have waited for my friend for an hour.

I have studied English for a month.
It hasn’t snowed for more than two weeks.
Have you been in Buffalo for a long time?
She has been in Canada for five years.
They haven’t slept for a whole day.
I have talked with my mother for 10 minutes.
Let’s compare since with for !
I have had this book _______ March 1st.
I have had this book _______ two weeks.

I have been in Buffalo _______ 2006.

I have been in Buffalo _______ half a year.

I have known him _______ a month ago.

I have known him _______ a month.
 PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE

• PAST EXPERIENCE
– Lucy has read many Shakespeare´s plays. (when
exactly?????)
 Just ,yet,already,ever,never

• Just often emphasises the idea of close to

the present
– I've JUST spoken to Jane. She's not going to join
us for supper tonight.
 Just ,yet,already,ever,never

• ALREADY (aff, int)

• Already suggests that something
has happened sooner than expected
and again is linked with present time
and therefore the present perfect:
– Do you want me to make the salad for
supper tonight? ~ I've already made it.
It's on the table.
 Just ,yet,already,ever,never

• YET. (NEG. INT)

– I don't think you've met Rachel yet, have you? ~
– No, I haven't. I've met a lot of your friends from
work, but I've not met Rachel yet.
– ~ She's absolutely lovely. I'm sure you'll like her
 Just ,yet,already,ever,never

• NEVER, EVER
– Have you ever driven a car with manual drive?
– ~ No, I never have. I've always driven cars with
automatic drive.
– ~ It's not too difficult. You'll soon get used to it
 OTHER EXPRESSIONS

• FOR
• SINCE
• SO FAR
• RECENTLY
• TODAY
• THIS MONTH
 The past simple tense
FORM:

I/you/he/she/it/we/you/they workED/SLEPT.
DID I/you/he/she/it/we/you/they WORK/SLEEP?
I/you/he/she/it/we/you/they DIDN’T WORK/SLEEP.

Short answers:
Yes, I did./No, I didn’t.
 The past simple tense
Exceptions in spelling when adding –ed:
1.After a final -E only add a -D : e.g. love – loved,
smile- smiled, hate-hated
2.Final consonant after a short, stressed vowel or -l
as final consonant after a vowel is doubled: e.g.
admit – admitted; travel- travelled
3.A final -y after a consonant becomes an –i: e.g.
hurry – hurrIED, cry- crIED, try- trIED
BUT play-plaYED, stay-staYED because the –y is
preceded by a vowel.
4.Verbs short in pronunciation that end in a vowel
preceded by a consonant: e.g. jog-jogged, beg-
begged, slam-slammed
 The past simple tense – to be
Don’t forget that the verb TO BE follows different
rules:
FORM:

I//he/she/it WAS. You/we/they WERE.

WAS I/he/she/it? WERE you/we/they?
I//he/she/it WASN’T. You/we/they WEREN’T.

Short answers:
Yes, I was./ No, I wasn’t.
Yes, you were./ No, you weren’t.
 The past simple tense
ADVERBS:

yesterday
last week/month/year
3 days AGO
in 1985
in the last century
in the 20th century
the other day
when I was born
when I was a child
in the beginning, etc.
 The past simple tense
USE:

1. Actions that started and finished in the past (usually

short actions):
e.g. My friends LEFT yesterday.
The company started working in 1978.
2. To indicate the past habits:
e.g. When I WAS a student, I CARRIED a bag with me.
He WAS a fan of this musician.
3. A sequence of short actions happening one after
another.
e.g. He CAME in, TOOK off his coat and SAT down.
 The past simple tense
When you want to make a WH- question, follow the
rules we have already covered:

I went to the cinema with my sister.

WHERE did you go with your sister?

First goes the question word and then the auxiliary

verb DID + Subject + INFINITIVE.

I went to the cinema with my sister.

WHO did you go to the cinema WITH?

Remember: Prepositions are always AT THE END of

the question!!!
 The present perfect simple tense
FORM:
I/you/we/they HAVE worked/been
He/she/it HAS worked/been
PAST PARTICIPLE
HAVE I/you/we/they worked/been?
HAS he/she/it worked/been?

I/you/we/they HAVEN’T worked/been

He/she/it HASN’T worked/been

Short answers:
Yes, I have./No, I haven’t.
Yes, he has./No, he hasn’t.
 The present perfect simple tense
ADVERBS:

already (+)
yet (-, ?) just
recently this morning
lately this evening
ever today
never during the last ten
since days
for
so far
up to now
in the past/last 20
 The present perfect simple tense
USE:
1. Actions for which we don’t know when they
happened, or actions for which is more important that
they happened than when they happened.
e.g. I have bought a cat recently.
2. Actions which happened in the past and the effects of
which are visible in the present.
e.g. I have broken my arm. (present result = My arm
is still in a cast.)
e.g. The government has increased taxes.
(present results = taxes are now higher)
e.g. We have employed two new workers.
(present results = two more employees)
 The present perfect simple tense
USE:
3. Actions which started in the past and last up to
now.
e.g. I have lived here since 1968. (I started living
here in 1968 and I am still living here)
4. Personal experience (from the moment of birth
till now)
e.g. I have never been to America.
5. To show an activity within a period of time which
is not yet finished at the time of speaking:
e.g. The quality of the product has improved this
year. (The year is not yet finished.)
e.g. John has changed three jobs this month. (The
month is not yet finished.)
 The present perfect simple tense
USE:
6. to give new information
e.g. Did you hear the news? Jim has found a new job!
e.g. Do you know about Susan? She has got married!
7. to announce a recent happening
e.g. We have just signed a new contract.
e.g. I have just finished work.
8. with a superlative
e.g. This is the largest order we have ever received.
e.g. This is the most boring book I have ever read!
 The present perfect simple tense
USE:
9. with the expressions such as This is the first time or
It's the first time:
e.g. This is the first time we have done business with
you so the payment should be in cash.
e.g. It's the first time I have had a job interview so I'm a
bit nervous.
10. to talk about an activity between a short time ago
and now:
e.g. I haven't seen John lately. Have you?
e.g. We have recently changed over to Microsoft XP.
 CONCLUSIONES Y/O ACTIVIDADES DE
INVESTIGACIÓN SUGERIDAS

 The Past simple is used to talk about finished actions, to

tell stories and give details
 Relax and concentrate giving ideas to continue with the
development of each topic.

 The previous knowledge will help you understand all the

grammar rules.
GRACIAS