BY – DIWAKAR KUMAR

CUSAT
 GSM- Global System
For Mobile
Communication.
 GSM Architecture refers
to the set of logically
arranged network elements
required for making and
receiving calls from one
mobile station to another.
 Call flow depends on the GSM Architecture .
 GSM Architecture is divided into 3 parts:

a. Base Station Subsystem(BSS)

b. Switching System

c. Operational Support System(OSS)

 a. User activates the
mobile phone (mobile
station ) which sends
signal to the closest
BTS.
Q. What is BTS??
B T S stands for BASE
TRANSRECEIVER STATION.

Q. Is this tower called BTS?

Ans-NO. This tower is very
candidly called as BTS.
But this is a misconception.
BTS is a device which
facilitates wireless
communication between
User Equipment(UE)
and network.
>> This is the actual BTS
device present under
the long
tower.
 BTS – Handover of signal takes place to ensure
that we are connected to the network even
when we are moving.
 The closest BTS then sends the signal to the
BSC(BASE STATION CONTROLLER) which
connects BTS to the other network element.
 BTS and BSC combine to form BSS.
 BSC then sends the call signal to the
MSC(MOBILE SWITCHING CENTRE) where
the MSC recognizes and authenticates the
subscriber’s information and establishes the
call.
 Q. What is MSC??
 MSC is a telephone exchange that makes the
connection between the mobile users within the
network, from mobile users to the public
switched telephone network and from mobile
users to other mobile networks.
 MSC also controls handover to other base
stations.
 MCS keeps a record of the location of the
mobile subscribers.
 1. HOME LOCATION REGISTER(HLR):
Maintains all the data related to a subscriber in its data base.
2.VISITOR LOCATION REGISTER(VLR):
Maintains records of all those subscribers who are present at
the MSC location but their data is not present in HLR.
3.EQUIPMENT IDENTITY REGISTER:
Keeps track of all the black list, white list
and grey list.
4.AUTHENTICATION CENTER(AUC):
Authenticates each SIM card that tried to
have a connection with the GSM network.
 A Public Land Mobile Network , is a network that
is established and operated by an administration
or by a Recognized Operating Agency(ROA) for
the specific purpose of providing land mobile
telecommunication services to the public.
 A PLMN may be defined as a number of Mobile
Switching Center (MSC) areas with a common
numbering plan and a common routing plan.
 The MSCs of a PLMN can be interconnected
similarly to allow interaction.
 1. INADEQUATE COVERAGE:
a. Lack of tower infrastructure.
b.Improper network planning.
c.Non-optimization of network.
2.OVERLOAD CELL TOWERS
3.SWITCHING BETWEEN TOWERS- When a
person is moving while talking on the
mobile phone, if a handover takes place from
one BTS to another, there are chances of call
call drop.
 KPIs are basically parameters which keep an
eye on the health of the network or defines the
health of the network.
 KPIs are monitored by the network owners to
keep the network healthy.
 BANDWIDTH UTILIZATION- How much of
the bandwidth available, is getting used.
 LATENCY-Delay in reaching from one point to
another.
 FOR VOICE:
TCH(Traffic Channel)- drop
block

SD(Signal Distribution) - drop

block

HOSR(Hand Over Success Rate)-

FOR DATA:
DATA – Download
Upload
 Three components:
a. The User Equipment.
b. The Evolved UMTS
Terrestrial Radio Access
Network( E-UTRAN).
c. The Evolved Packet
Core.
 The User Equipment comprises of the
following modules:
 Handles the radio
communication between
the mobile and the EPC.
 Has only one component:

eNB or eNodeB.
 LTE communicates with just one base station
and one cell at a time and there are two
functions of eNB :
 Sends and receives radio transmissions to all
the mobiles using the analogue and digital
signal processing functions of the LTE air
interface.
 The eNB controls the low level operation of all
its mobiles,by sending them signalling
messages such as handover commands.
 HSS (The Home Subscriber Server)- central
database which has all the information about
the subscriber.
 PDN ( P-GW) ( The Packet Data Network)-
communicates with the outside world
ie.,packet data networks PDN,using SGi
interface.
 S-GW (Serving Gateway)-Acts as a router, and
forwards data between the base station and the
PDN gateway.
 MME (The Mobility Management Entity)-
Controls the high level operation of the mobile
by means of signalling messages and Home
Subscriber Server(HSS).
 The Policy Control and Charging Rules
Function (PCRF)-It is responsible for:
a. policy control decision making.
b. for controlling the flow based charging
function.
 1. BASE TRANS RECEIVER STATION ( BTS):
 BTS 1:
- Various components of the Base Transreceiver
Station were examined.
-The alarm system was checked to find out the
type of network problem ie., 2G,3G or 4G.
-Then the RF module (Nokia Siemens) was
examined.
-The power bank was also examined thereafter.
-Finally, the issue was resolved.
 BTS 2:
- The alarm system was checked to find out the
type of issue in the BTS.
-The various components of the BTS were
examined.Various components include RF
module,wires,MR,RFM.
-Some issue was there in the 2G system.
-The issue was examined and resolved and
the corresponding reports were forwarded.
 BSC:
- All the nearby BTS are controlled from the
BASE STATION CONTROLLER(BSC).
- Working of all the nearby BTS were examined
and the issues were figured out.
 Some mobile applications are used such as Kconnect and
Azenqos to find out the complains in an area and solve the
issue.
 3G :
Rscp- Parameter which tells about the coverage in an area.
Range- (50-100)
At site-(105-110)
Eclo-Rx quality-Parameter which tells about the data speed and
voice crack.
Range- (0-20)
 Since Rscp was more than the expected range,it was put on
optimization.
 Rural area

 Building construction material

 Building size

 Multipath interference

 Diffraction and general attenuation

 A cellular repeater also known as cell phone
signal BOOSTER or AMPLIFIER is a type of
bidirectional amplifier used to improve cell
phone reception and address coverage issues.
 Components of Booster:
 1. Donor antenna:Installed by a window or the
roof of a building and used to communicate
back to a nearby cell tower.
 2. Internal rebroadcast antenna:The better
include an internal Monopole Antenna.
 The advantage of using a monopole antenna is
that the signal is equally distributed in all
directions.
 3. Signal Amplifier: All models include a signal
amplifier
 Home use models: 20db-50db gain
 Expensive models: 50db-100 db gain
 Till now we have seen about following topics:
 1. GSM Architecture
 2. Call flow in 2G
 3. Key Performance Indicator
 4. LTE Architecture
 5. 2G/3G Vs LTE
 6.Field Visit:
- Visit of different BTS in the city.
- Visit of the BASE STATION CONTROLLER.