Elastic And Plastic Deformation

• Metals deform both elastically and

plastically.
Elastic Deformation.
Plastic Deformation.
Deformation By Slip.
Deformation By Twinning.
Diff B/w Slip And Twinning.
 Elastic deformation
• Elastic deformation takes place at low
stresses and has three main
characteristics, namely
• I) It is reversible .
• ii) Stress and strain are linearly
proportional to each other according to
Hook’s Law
• iii) It is usually small i.e < 1 % elastic
strain.
 Plastic or permanent deformation
• Once the yield or flow stress has been
exceeded, plastic or permanent
deformation occurs.
• It take place by one of two simple
processes,
• I) Slip or glide
• ii) Twinning.
 Deformation by Slip

• The usual method of plastic deformation in

metals is by
• Sliding a block of the crystal over one another
along definite crystallographic planes( slip
planes) in the specific slip direction, then
• A step is produced in the polished surface.
• When view a polished surface from the top
through a microscope, the step shows up as a
line , which is called as a slip line.
•Sliding a block of the
crystal over one another
along definite
crystallographic planes
( slip planes) in the
specific slip direction, then
•A step is produced in the
polished surface.
• When view a polished
surface from the top
through a microscope,
•The step shows up as a
line , which is called as a
slip line.
• Slip plane: is the plane of greatest atomic
density
• Slip direction: is the closet-packed
direction
• Slip system: Slip plane together with the
slip direction
• To prove that these slip directions lie in the
slip plane hu + kv + lw = 0 .
 Face centered cubic Structure

• The four {111} octahedral planes are with

high atomic density.
• Three <110 > directions are the close-
packed direction.
• Therefore, the fcc lattice has 12 slip
system.
• Copper , Brass , aluminum are f.cc metals.
B.C.C Unit cell
 Body centered cubic structure

• The {110} planes have the highest atomic

density in bcc structure, but they are not greatly
superior in this respect to {112} , {123} planes.
• However, in bcc structure four <111> directions
is closed packed direction in bcc structure.
• Slip in bcc metals is found to occur on the {110},
{112}, and {123} planes. Total twelve planes.
• Therefore, 48 possible slip system.
Hexagonal Closed-Packed metals

• Basal plane (0001) , only plane with high atomic

density in hcp structure.
• The axes<1120> , three closed packed
direction.
• Three Slip system in HCP structure.
• The limited number of slip systems is the reason
for the extreme orientation dependence and low
ductility in hcp metals.
 Deformation by Twinning

• Deformation twinning is a process in which a

region of crystal undergoes a homogeneous
shear that produces the original crystal structure
in a new orientation.
• In the simplest case, this results in the atoms of
the original crystal (parent) and those of the
product crystal (twin) being mirror images of
each other by reflection in a composition plane.
• -The lattice strains needed to produced a twin
configuration in a crystal are small, so that the
amount of gross deformation that can be produced
by twinning is small.
• For example, the maximum extension which it is
possible to produced in a zinc crystal when entire
crystal is converted in to a twin on the plane {1012}
is only 7.39 percent.
• The important role of twining comes in plastic
deformation not from the strain produced by the
twinning process
• But from the fact that orientation changes resulting
from twinning may place a new slip systems in a
favourable orientation with respect to the stress axis
so that additional slip can take place.
• Thus, twinning is important in overall
deformation of metals with a low number of slip
systems, such as HCP metals.
• However it should be understood that only a
relatively small fraction of the total volume of a
crystal is oriented by twinning, and
• Therefore hcp metals will, in general, posses
less ductility than metals with a greater number
of slip systems.
• -Twinning occurs in a definite direction on a specific
crystallographic plane for each crystal structure.
• -Twinning stress is lower than the stress for slip and
occur at low temperatures or high stain rates.
• -The lattice strains needed to produce a twin
configuration in a crystal are small,
• so that the amount of gross deformation that can be
produced by twinning is small.
• -The important role of twining is to place a new slip
systems in a favorable orientation with respect to the
stress axis so that additional slip can take place.
Difference in Twinning compare to Slip

• -In slip orientation of the crystal above and below the slip
plane is the same after deformation.
-An orientation difference exist across the twin plane.
• -Slip is usually considered to occur in discrete multiples
of the atomic spacing.
-Movements are less than an atomic distance in twinning.
• -Slip occur on a relatively widely spread planes.
-Twining involve every atomic plane in the deformation.
• -There is a delay time of several milliseconds before a
slip band is formed.
-Twin can form in a time as short as few milli second.