CELL

 Cell is the smallest basic structural, functional, and biological unit of all
known living organism

 Cell are smallest unit which can replicate independently

 Cells are building blocks of life

 Cell consist of cytoplasm enclosed within a membrane, which contain

biomolecules such as protein and nucleic acid

 Organism can be classified as Unicellular (Bacteria) or multicellular (plant

or animal)

Robert Hooke (1665)-who named the biological unit cell

Cell theory 1839 – by Matthias Jakob Schleiden and Theodor Schwann

states that all organisms are composed of one or more cells, that cells are the
fundamental unit of structure and function in all living organisms, that all
cells come from preexisting cells, and that all cells contain the
hereditary information necessary for regulating cell functions and for
transmitting information to the next generation of cells
 Origin of Cell
• Cell is composed of nucleic acid, protein and other biochemical
surrounded by a membrane built from lipids
• These membranes encloses their content, and so have a
defined inside and outside
• Typical membrane forming lipid is phosphatidyl choline

Level 1 Level2 Level 3 Level 4

Amino Acids Protein Plasma membrane
Nucleotides DNA Chromosome Cell &
Sugars Cellulose Cell Wall Organalle
 Cell Parts
Inside
Nucleus -Directs cell activities
Separated from cytoplasm by nuclear
membrane.Contains genetic material - DNA
Surrounding
Cell Membrane – Outer Layer -Outer membrane
of cell that controls movement in and out of the
cell

Chromosome -In nucleus Cell Wall- Found in plan cell & Bacteria- Supports
Made of DNA. Contain instructions for traits & & Protect Cell
characteristics

Nuclear Membrane -Surrounds nucleus

Made of two layers. Openings allow material to
enter and leave nucleus

Nucleolus- Inside nucleus Contains RNA to build

proteins

Cytoplasm-Gel-like mixture
Surrounded by cell membrane
Contains hereditary material

Endoplasmic Reticulum – Smooth type (Lacks

Ribosome)/ Rough Type ( Ribosome on the
surface)
Inside Surrounding
Ribosomes -Each cell contains thousands
Make proteins.Found on ribosomes & floating
throughout the cell

Mitochondria -Produces energy through chemical

reactions – breaking down fats & carbohydrates
Controls level of water and other materials in cell
Recycles and decomposes proteins, fats, and
carbohydrates

Golgi Bodies -Protein 'packaging plant'

Move materials within the cell/Move materials out of
the cell

Lysozyme- Digestive 'plant' for proteins, fats, and

carbohydrates. Transports undigested material to cell
membrane for removal. Cell breaks down if lysosome
explodes

Vacoules-bound sacs for storage, digestion, and waste

removal. Contains water solution. Help plants
maintain shape

Chloroplast– Usually found in plant cells

Contains green chlorophyll. Photosynthesis takes
place
 Cell Types
Prokaryotes (Single Cell Organism Eukaryotes( Single or Multicellular
without Nucleous) Organism with Distinct Nucelous)
Typical organisms bacteria, archaea protists, fungi, plants, animals
Typical size ~ 1–5 µm[11] ~ 10–100 µm[11]

Type of Nucleus nucleoid region; no true nucleus true nucleus with double membrane

linear molecules (chromosomes) with histone

DNA circular (usually) proteins
RNA synthesis in the nucleus
RNA/protein synthesis coupled in the cytoplasm protein synthesis in the cytoplasm
Ribosomes 50S and 30S 60S and 40S

highly structured by endomembranes and a

Cytoplasmic structure very few structures cytoskeleton

flagella and cilia containing microtubules;

Cell Movement flagella made of flagellin lamellipodia and filopodia containing actin

Mitrochondria none one to several thousand

Chloroplast none in algae and plants
single cells, colonies, higher multicellular
Organization usually single cells organisms with specialized cells

mitosis (fission or budding)

Cell Division binary fission (simple division) meiosis
Chromosomes single chromosome more than one chromosome
Cell membrane and membrane-bound
Membranes cell membrane organelles
 Two large group of Prokaryote can be recognized on basis of chemical evolution –
Archaebacteria & Eubacteria
 Eubacteria inhabit soils, surface waters, and the tissues of other living or decaying
organisms (Escherichia coli)
 Archaebacteria, more recently discovered,are less well characterized biochemically;
inhabit extreme environments—salt lakes, hot springs, highly acidic bogs, and the ocean
depths
 Escherichia coli, is a
chemoorganoheterotroph; it requires
organic compounds from its Environment as
fuel and as a source of carbon.
 Cyanobacteria are photolithoautotrophs;
they use sunlight as an energy source and
convert CO2 into biomolecules.
 Humans, like E. coli, are
Chemoorganoheterotrophs.
 Bacterial Cell
• Bacterial cells share certain common structural features
 E. coli cell has a protective outer membrane and an inner plasma membrane that
encloses the cytoplasm and the nucleoid.
 Between the inner and outer membranes is a thin but strong layer of polymers
called peptidoglycans, which gives the cell its shape and rigidity. The plasma
membrane and the layers outside it constitute the cell envelope
 The nucleoid contains a single, circular molecule of DNA, and the cytoplasm (like
that of most bacteria) contains one or more smaller, circular segments of DNA
called plasmids.
 Eukaryotes Cell
• The distinguishing characteristics of eukaryotes are the nucleus
and a variety of membrane bounded organelles with specific
functions: mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi
complexes, and lysosomes.

• Plant cells also contain vacuoles and chloroplasts