INTRODUCTION / RECAP

Lecture 1

Presented by
Paul Wong, PhD
MECH3361/9361
Semester 2, 2016

The University of Sydney Slide 1

 Contact Details

Name Email Phone Room

Prof. Qing Li qing.li@sydney.edu.au 9351 8607 S509, Mechanical
(Unit of Study Engineering
Coordinator) Building
Dr Paul Wong paul.wong@sydney.edu.au 9351 5674 Room 243,
Andrian Sue andrian.sue@sydney.edu.au Engineering Link
Building
(Lecturers
and tutors)

The University of Sydney Slide 2

 Contact Details – Tutors

Name Email Phone Room

Dr Bryant Chang ccha8453@uni.sydney.edu.au 9351 5671 Room 244,
Dr Leo Zhang leo.zhang@sydney.edu.au Engineering Link
Building

Jianguang Fang jfan2875@uni.sydney.edu.au 9351 5375 Room 405,

Engineering Link
Building
Sam Grasso* sgra8795@uni.sydney.edu.au 9351 4872 Room 404,
Marco Zheng keke.zheng@sydney.edu.au Engineering Link
Building

*Lab demonstrator

The University of Sydney Slide 3

 Class Times

Class Times Location

Lectures 11am-1pm Monday ABS Lecture Theatre 1110
11am-12pm Wednesday
Tutorials 2-4pm Monday Mech. Eng. TR 1
Aero. Eng. LT 311
2-4pm Wednesday Chem. Eng. LR 1
2-4pm Thursday PNR Learning Studio 311
Strain gauge lab 2-5pm Tuesday Mech. Eng. S163
2-5pm Thursday
2-5pm Friday
Computer lab 4-6pm Monday Mech. Eng. PCLAB S345
(informal) 3-5pm Thursday

The University of Sydney Slide 4

 Unit of Study Website

– All course documents and announcements will be posted on

the AMME website:
http://web.aeromech.usyd.edu.au/MECH3361

User name: MECH3361

Password: SolidsTwo

The University of Sydney Slide 5

 Assessments

Assessment Weighting Comments

Assignments (×4) 5% each Individual work
Quizzes* (×2) 10% each “Semi-open book”, zero tolerance policy
Strain gauge lab:
Quiz 5% On strain gauge technique and knowledge
Group report 5% Each student is responsible for ensuring that their
name and SID are on the submitted report; failure to
do so will result in a mark of zero
Final exam* 50% During exam period

The quizzes and exam are semi-

open book. Make your own cheat
sheet.

The University of Sydney Slide 6

 About Me

– B.E. (Mech. Eng. (Biomed)) – Ph.D. (Biomed), in

(Hons I) & B.Com (Finance) conjunction with Cochlear
2006-2010 Limited
2011-2015

The University of Sydney Slide 7

COURSE CONTEXT
Why are we here?

The University of Sydney Slide 8

 Objective

To analyse the mechanical

behaviour of solid (but
deformable) structures
subjected to various loading
scenarios.

The University of Sydney Slide 9

 First Year

– Introductory mechanics
(non-deformable)
– Statics
– Dynamics
– Solve simple 2D problems
involving:
– Forces/Moments
– Free body diagrams

The University of Sydney Slide 10

 Second Year

– Mechanics of Solids 1
– Deformable
– Forces → Stresses
– Solve simple 2D problems
involving:
– Stress
– Strain
– Hooke’s Law

The University of Sydney Slide 11

 Now

– Mechanics of Solids 2
– Deformable
– 2D → 3D
– Solve simple 3D problems
involving:
– Stress
– Strain
– Hooke’s Law
– Introduce computational
tools for analysis
– You still have to
interpret the results

The University of Sydney Slide 12

 The Future

– Electives
– Solve more sophisticated
3D problems involving:
– Realistic geometries
– Advanced materials
– Complex loading
patterns

The University of Sydney Slide 13

 Find Your Motivation

The University of Sydney Slide 14

RECAP
Stuff you should already
know

The University of Sydney Slide 15

 Definition of Stress

Stress is the intensity of

the internal force on a
specific plane
passing through a point.

The University of Sydney Slide 16

 Definition of Stress

Free Body Diagram

F4
n
F3 F5 DF
DF
n

DF t
t

Cross section: A DA

F2 F2

F1 F1

The University of Sydney Slide 17

 Why Study Stress?

Stress

Strain

The University of Sydney Slide 18

 Relationship Between Loads and Stresses

Stresses Produced by Each Load Individually Stress Stresses

Distributions
B B
Torsional Torsional shear
Load A x
A C stress
(Torque T) T T = Tρ/J
D T
D

Axial B B
F Tensile average
Load A
A avg normal stress
(Force F) D D avg=F/A
B
M Bending normal
B P N.A. A,C stress
Bending
Load y
D M = -My/I
(Transverse A N.A. x B
Force P)  Transverse
A
D N.A. C shear stress
V = VQ/It
D

B
B Total normal
P A,C stress
C  =F/A -My/I
A D
Combined
Loads y B
D Total shear
N.A.
F
A
N.A.
C stress at N.A.
x  = VQ/ItTρ/J
T D

The University of Sydney Slide 19

 Normal vs Shear Stress

Normal Stress Shear Stress

– Force vector parallel to – Force vector perpendicular
normal vector of the plane to normal vector of the
plane
yy

xy = xy

Arrows drawn
xx xx according to
positive sign
conventions

yy

The University of Sydney Slide 20

 Mohr’s Circle

– Coordinate system is arbitrarily chosen

– Normal and shear stresses can combine along a different
axis
– Use Mohr’s circle to find principal stresses for 2D problems

( x x +  y y )
2
180°
2 qp2
22  xx 11 
nn
 yy 2 q= 2 qp1 2
æ xx - yy ö
R = çç ÷÷ +  2x y
2j è 2 ø
 xy  xy
m ax
m ax
 sn

The University of Sydney Slide 21

 Deformation

– Torsional
  angle of twist:

– T=Torque, L=length, G=shear modulus, J=polar moment of inertia

– Axial deformation:

– P=axial force, L=length, E=Young’s modulus, A=cross-sectional

area
– Bending deformation:
Deflection:

Slope:
– M=bending moment, I=second moment of inertia, E=Young’s
modulus

The University of Sydney Slide 22

3D STRESS STATES
Because the world is not
flat

The University of Sydney Slide 23

 Stress States: The Infinitesimal Cube

yy yy

xy = xy yx

yz xy
zy
xx xx xx

zx xz
zz
y y
yy
x x

The University of Sydney Slide 24

 Definition of Stress

Stress is the intensity of

the internal force on a
specific plane
passing through a point.

The University of Sydney Slide 25

 Stress States: The Infinitesimal Cube

yy

yx
mn yz
zy
xy

xx

Sectional Vector zx xz

plane direction zz
y

The University of Sydney Slide 26

 Infinitesimal Cube: Positive/Negative Planes

– If the external normal to

the plane points in the
same direction as the
coordinate axis, it is a
positive plane
– If not, it is a negative plane

The University of Sydney Slide 27

 Infinitesimal Cube: Positive/Negative Stress
Components

– If the stress component

points in the same
direction as the coordinate
axis, it is positive
– If not, it is negative

The University of Sydney Slide 28

 Positive/Negative Stress Conventions

Stress component

Positive Negative
Se
Po
cti
on
sit
ive
+ –
al
pl Ne
an ga
e tiv – + y
e

The University of Sydney Slide 29

 Stress States: Tensor Notation

2D 3D

yy yy

yx
yx
xy yz xy
zy
xx xx

zx xz
zz

The University of Sydney Slide 30

 Stress States: Tensor Notation

2D 3D

Stresses on x plane
Stresses on y plane
Stresses on z plane
x y z yy

Direction of
stress component yx
yz xy
zy
xx

zx xz
zz

The University of Sydney Slide 31

 Stress States: Tensor Notation

Normal stresses
Shear stresses (symmetric)

Each entry must have the

correct sign (direction) and
magnitude.

The University of Sydney Slide 32

 Tensor Notation: Symmetry

– We can show that the matrix is symmetric

Only 6 independent stress

components are needed to
define the stress state.

– Examples 1.1–1.3
See section
1.4

The University of Sydney Slide 33

STRESS
TRANSFORMATIONS
Because physics does not care about
which coordinate system you chose

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 Rationale

– Coordinate systems are typically chosen for analytical

convenience
– Cartesian (and recursively, the corresponding directions)
– Cylindrical
– Normal/tangential

The University of Sydney Slide 35

 Rationale

– Loads combine via superposition

– Resultant stresses may not align with your chosen
system
– To discern the true nature of stress behaviour, we must
have a solution that is independent of the framework
– Your chosen system is just a starting point
– Building towards two key concepts: See sections
– Principal stress 1.5–1.10
– Maximum shear stress

The University of Sydney Slide 36

 Principal Stresses

– For every point inside a body under load, there are three
principal planes where the stress acts only normal to the
plane (i.e. there is zero shear stress)
– The (normal) stresses on these planes are called principal
stresses
– Can be found using:
– Mohr’s circle (2D)
– Eigenvalues of the stress tensor (3D)

The University of Sydney Slide 37

 The Eigenvalue Method

– Characteristic Eigen equation:

– Invariants:

– The three roots are the principal stresses, which must be

ranked:

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 Invariants

– Invariants do not change with (i.e. are independent of)

coordinate system
– Can also be expressed in terms of principal stresses when
known:

The University of Sydney Slide 39

 Principal Directions

– We know that:

– But the geometric relation must also hold:

– To solve for the three direction cosines, we need three

equations:
– Pick any two linear equations
– Combine with the geometric equation
– The third linear equation should be used for checking
– Examples 1.6–1.9

The University of Sydney Slide 40

 Maximum Shear Stress

– There are two extreme shear stresses when rotating about

each principal axis:

– The largest of these is clearly:

The University of Sydney Slide 41

 Maximum Shear Stress Directions

– Each extreme shear stress bisects the angle between two

principal axes
– The direction of the maximum shear stress bisects the
principal directions
1 and 3
– From vector subtraction, we can find the unit vector relative
to the Cartesian axes:

The University of Sydney Slide 42

MOTION AND
EQUILIBRIUM
Because stress at a
single point is not useful

The University of Sydney Slide 43

 Equations of Motion

– Consider now the stress variation through a body

– Summing forces in each Cartesian direction gives a
relationship with acceleration of the body (per Newton’s
second law)
– These will be important later when we start modelling
mechanics

The University of Sydney Slide 44

 Equilibrium Equations

– When the body is under static equilibrium:

The University of Sydney Slide 45

FEA DEMONSTRATION

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