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Lecture13 McCabe2
Lecture13 McCabe2
Lecture13 McCabe2
Rectifying Section: L D
Equilibrium y x x
Operating line V V D
curve Slope=L/V=R/(R+1)<1
q-line
yN q z F
y x
q 1 q 1
Stripping Section: L B
yB Operating line y x xB
V V
45° line Slope=L/V=(VB+1) /VB
xB x=zF xD
Overhead vapor Reflux drum
q=1 q>1 1 Distillate
Reflux
Rectifying section stages
L* 2
0<q<1 L
L+V x=y Feed
f Feed Stage
5. and 6. 7.
3. 4.
equilibrium equilibrium equilibrium
equilibrium
curve curve curve
curve
y y y y
Rmin/(Rmin+1) R/(R+1)
Equilibrium Equilibrium
curve curve
1 1
y 2 y 2
3
yN 3 yN
4
4 5
yB yB
6
xB xD xB x=zF
x=zF xD
Feed stage located one tray too low. Feed stage located one tray too high.
y 2
yN
3
yB
xB xD
x=zF
4 Solution:
Step 1: From xD locate x1 and y1 drawing a horizontal line
to the equilibrium condition for stage 1.
yB Step 2: Find y2 drawing a vertical line to the rectifying OL
locate the mass balance condition between x1 and y2.
xB xD Step 3: From y2 draw a horizontal line to the equilibrium
x=zF condition for stage 2 to locate x2.
Step 4: Return to step 2 and cycle through steps 2 and 3 until
xi <zF. Draw subsequent vertical lines to the stripping section OL.
Step 5: End after predetermined number of stages, or when x i is
less than xB.
y 2
yN
3
yB
xB x=zF xD
By returning all the exiting vapor as Although this is the minimum number
reflux and all the exiting liquid as boilup of stages, no product is produced (note
the operating lines have slope of one. the feed must then
go to zero).
yN
yB
xB x=zF xD
Equilibrium
curve
yN
yB
xB x=zF xD
Given:
100 Kmol/hr of a feed of 60% benzene and 40% heptane is to be separated by distillation. The distillate is to be 90% benzene and
The bottoms 10% benzene. The feed enters the column as 30mol% vapor. Use R 1.5 times the minimum. Assume a constant relative
Volatility of of 4 and that the pressure is constant throughout the column at 1atm.
Construction:
Step 1: Plot equilibrium curve and 45 degree line.
1 The equilibrium curve is found using:
0.9 x
y
0.8 1 x 1
0.7 Step 2: Plot given compositions (F, B, and D)
Step 3: Draw q-line from LF and VF. Use
0.6
L L L LF L LF
y 0.5 q 0.7
F F F
0.4
to find q. Then plot the q-line using:
0.3
q z F
0.2 y x 2.333x 2
0.1
q 1 q 1
Construction:
Step 5: From Rmin=0.333 and R=3Rmin we have R=1
And the slope of rectifying section OL is 0.5
1
Step 6: Draw the line with slope 0.5 which is the rectifying
0.9 section OL.
Step 7. Draw the stripping section operating line from the
0.8
Bottoms composition to the intersection of the rectifying section
0.7 OL and the q-line.
0.6
Solution:
y 0.5 Step 1: From xD locate x1 and y1 drawing a horizontal line
to the equilibrium condition for stage 1.
0.4
Step 2: Find y2 drawing a vertical line to the rectifying OL
0.3 locate the mass balance condition between x1 and y2.
Step 3: From y2 draw a horizontal line to the equilibrium
0.2
condition for stage 2 to locate x2.
0.1 Step 4: Return to step 2 and cycle through steps 2 and 3 until
xi <zF.
0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
Results:
x Feed at stage between 2 and 3.
5 stages (minimum stages = 3.2)
xB=0.05% benzene
Lecture 13: McCabe-Theile 11
Example: Determination of N and xB for McCabe-Thiele
Given:
100 Kmol/hr of a feed of 60% benzene and 40% heptane is to be separated by distillation. The distillate is to be 90% benzene and
The bottoms 10% benzene. The feed enters the column as 30mol% vapor. Use R 3 times the minimum. Assume a constant relative
Volatility of of 4 and that the pressure is constant throughout the column at 1atm.
1
Minimum number of stages is determined by stepping off
0.9 between the equilibrium curve and the 45 degree line.The
0.8 result is 3.2 stages.
0.7
0.6
y 0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
Distillation Column
Total condenser
(subcooled reflux)
Reflux Distillate
Feed
Boilup
Partial reboiler
Bottoms
H
P1
T V
P2
Pcr Bubble point line
HV
L V
L
T
Tm Tb X1(V) XD(L)
0
dH C P dT V 1 T dP
XB 1
Distillation Column
(partial condenser)
Partial condenser
Vapor
Distillate
Overhead vapor
Reflux
Feed
Boilup
Partial reboiler
Bottoms
Reflux
Feed
Boilup
yD Partial reboiler
Bottoms
Equilibrium
curve
q-line
yN
q z F
y x
q 1 q 1
45° line
yB
xB x=zF
Reflux Distillate
Feed 1
Feed 2
Boilup
Partial reboiler
Bottoms
The McCabe-Thiele method for cascades can be applied to systems with more than
two sections. Here, we show a cascade with 2 feeds: A 3 section cascade.
Feed 2 Feed 2
Boilup Boilup
Bottoms Bottoms
Reflux Distillate
Feed 1
Feed 2
Boilup
Partial reboiler
y
Rectifying Section: Bottoms
Operating Line
Equilibrium
Constant Slope (CMO)
curve
yN Feed 1 introduced
Intermediate section:
Operating Line
Constant Slope (CMO)
yB Feed 2 introduced
Stripping Section:
Operating Line
Constant Slope (CMO)
xB xD
Lecture 13: McCabe-Theile 19
McCabe-Thiele Method: Multiple Feeds
V LL
q=0 q
F
q<0 V*
x=zF
y Saturated vapor
Rectifying Section:
Operating line
Equilibrium
Slope=L/V=R/(R+1)<1
curve
yN
Intermediate section:
Operating line
Slope=L’/V’
yB Saturated liquid
Stripping Section:
Operating line
Slope=L/V=(VB+1) /VB
xB x=zF2 x=zF1 xD
Lecture 13: McCabe-Theile 20
McCabe-Thiele Method: Side Stream
Vn1y n1 Ln x n Dx D
Ln D Ls
yn1 xn x
Vn1 Vn1 D
Feed
For L and V constant from
stage to stage, then: Boilup
L D
y x xD Operating line above side stream Bottoms
V V
Lecture 13: McCabe-Theile 21
McCabe-Thiele Method: Side Stream
If we perform a material balance in the light key
around the stages above the side stream
including the side stream and condenser:
Reflux Distillate
V y L x L x Dx
n 1 n 1 n n s s D
Ls
Which we can rearrange to find:
Feed
Ln L x Dx D Boilup
yn1 xn s s
Vn1 Vn1
Bottoms
For L and V constant from
stage to stage, then:
L' L x Dx
y x s Operating line below side stream
V V
xx
s
Side Stream:
y Liquid withdrawn
Rectifying Section:
Operating line
Equilibrium
Slope=L/V=R/(R+1)<1
curve
yN
Intermediate section:
Operating line
Saturated liquid feed Slope=L’/V
yB
Stripping Section:
Operating line
Slope=L/V=(VB+1) /VB
Total condenser
xB x=xs xD
Distillation
x=zF
Overhead vapor Reflux drum
Boilup
Stripping section stages N
Partial reboiler
Total condenser
Consider the cascade shown on the left:
Distillation
In this example, the reboiler is replaced by a Overhead vapor
source of hot steam or an inert gas. In this case,
the vapor entering the bottom stage of the column Rectifying section stages 1 Reflux Distillate
has no light key and so yB is zero, although xB is 2
non-zero.
Feed Feed Stage
y Rectifying Section:
Operating line
Slope=L/V=R/(R+1)<1
Equilibrium
curve
yN
Distillation
Overhead vapor Reflux drum
xB x=zF xD
Rectifying section stages 1 Reflux Distillate
2
xB xD
x=zF
We have already developed the McCabe-Thiele Graphical Method for cascades. The same
equations we used for the operating lines, q-line, and equilibrium curve can be used to solve
for the compositions in each stage algebraically.
x
Equilibrium y
curve
1 x 1
y
yN Rectifying Section: R 1
Operating line y x x
R 1 R 1 D
Slope=L/V=R/(R+1)<1
yB Stripping Section: L B
Operating line y x xB
Slope=L/V=(VB+1) /VB
V V
45° line
q z F
q-line y x
xB x=zF q 1 q 1
xD
Lecture 13: McCabe-Theile 27
McCabe-Thiele: Minimum Reflux
To carry out the algebraic method we need to determine the slopes of the operating lines
algebraically. This can be done finding the intersections between the q-line and equilibrium
curve, and the q-line and the rectifying section operating line.
x
y
yD 1 x 1
q z F
y x
y q 1 q 1
yB
q z F x
y x
45° line q 1 q 1 1 x 1
xB x=zF xD
The slope of the operating line for the rectifying section with minimum reflux can be determined
from the rise over run. We can then also find the minimum reflux from this slope.
q z F x
y x
q 1 q 1 1 x 1
yD
y D yq Rmin
x D x q Rmin 1
y
q 45° line
From the minimum reflux, and R/Rmin we can
determine the reflux R.
R
slope
R 1
xB x x=zF xD
q
Lecture 13: McCabe-Theile 29
McCabe-Thiele: Rectifying Section Operating Line
We can find the intersection of the operating line and the q-line to determine the stripping
section operating line:
q z F R 1
y x x x
q 1 q 1 R 1 R 1 D
yD
R
slope
R 1
yQR
45° line
From the minimum reflux, and R/Rmin we can
determine the reflux R.
1 1. Alpha = 4, R=Rmin
2. Alpha=4 R=2Rmin
y 2 3. Alpha=4 R=4Rmin
4. Alpha=4 R=20Rmin
5. Alpha=1.1 R=3Rmin
yN
3
yB
xB xQR xD
x=zF