R1.

3
1.3
RESP1.3 RESPONSE
RESPONSE OF CIVIL
OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
ENGIONEEONSE
PROJECT OF
CIVIL ENGINEERING PROJECT
STEEL
BY :
NOR AZAH BINTI AZIZ
Learning Outcomes:
Identify and describe material response of
modes primary failure due to:
B) Steel
i. Structure failure
● Buckling
● Bearing
● Tensile

ii. Performance failure

● Corrosion
● Fatigue
STEEL
• It’s included in the term ferrous metal
• It’s a combination of iron & carbon( 0.01 – 1%)
• Contains varying amounts of manganese,
phosphorus, sulfur, silicon & 20 other alloys
• Alloys added to produce steel of different
characteristics.
• To produce useful steel, pig iron need to be
oxidized in another furnace at about 1650°C.
STEEL
• Most steel is made by the basic oxygen
process, electric-arc process, open-hearth process
or vacuum process.
• Carbon is the key element in controlling
the properties of ordinary steel called
carbon steel.
 STEEL
There are 2 main groups;

1. Mild Steel
 Tensile strength 250 N/mm2
 used in steel work construction

2. High Strength Steel

 Tensile Strength 460 N/mm2
 Used in pre-stressed concrete work, cable for suspension
bridge n high tensile bolts.

Notes: Applying for reinforcement in concrete

structures and steel structures
(civil and infrastructure)
5
 Steel Structure Failure

● Buckling
● Tensile
● Bearing
 Buckling
• In engineering, buckling is a failure mode
characterized by a sudden failure of a structural
member subjected to high compressive stresses.

• The actual compressive stress at the point

of failure is less than the ultimate compressive
stresses that the material is capable of
withstanding.
 Buckling

• This mode of failure is also described as failure due

to elastic instability.

• Mathematical analysis of buckling makes use

of an axial load eccentricity that introduces
a moment, which does not form part of the
primary forces to which the member is
subjected.
Column Buckling Column
Buckling (steel plate)

Before After
 Tensile

• Tensile (or tension) is the stress state

leading to expansion; that is, the length
of a material or compression member tends
to increase in the tensile direction.
• Tensile stress is the opposite ofcompressive stress.
• Structural members in direct tension are ropes,
soil anchors and nails, bolts, etc.
 What is tensile Test
• A tensile test, also known as tension test.
• By pulling on something, you will very quickly
determine how the material will react to
forces being applied in tension .
• As the material is being pulled, you will find its strength
along with how much it will elongate.
 Why Perform a Tensile Test

• As continuing to pull on the material until it breaks,

complete tensile profile will be obtained.
• A curve will result showing how it reacted
to the forces being applied.
• The point of failure is of much interest and
is typically called its "Ultimate Strength“
or UTS on the chart.
 Bearing Stress

• BEARING STRESS is The surface pressure acting on a joint

face directly as a result of the force applied by a fastener.
• Bearing stress is the contact pressure between the separate
bodies.
• It differs from compressive stress, as it is an internal stress
caused by compressive forces
 Bearing Stress
• The equation to determine
average bearing stress
would be sigmab = P/A

P= force applied
A= contact area of the object
resisting the force.

SI unit is Newton/meter2
which equates to Pascals
(Pa).
 Bearing Properties

• Bearing properties are used when designing

mechanically fastened joints.
• The purpose of a bearing test is to
determine the deformation of a hole
as a function of the applied bearing stress.
Steel Performance Failure

● Corrosion
● Fatigue
 Corrosion
• Corrosion is oxidation or combining of
the iron with oxygen that occurs in
the presence of moisture.
• Proceeds more rapidly where there is
noticeable dampness but it occurs in
any air with a relative humidity higher
than 70%.
 Corrosion

• Corrosion occurs more rapidly in salt

air and industrial atmosphere.
• The rust is formed from the solid metal, reducing it
size so that the members
become weaker and loses any decorative finishes it
might have.
 Fatigue
• A metal component @ structure that is subjected to
repeated or cyclic stresses may eventually fail,
even though the maximum stress in any one
stress cycle is considerably less than the fracture
stress of the material.
 Fatigue
• A common occurrence, as components are
subject to alternating @ fluctuating loads during
their service life.