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EM1 Vector and Field
EM1 Vector and Field
EM-Ch1_1 1
1.1 Vector Algebra
a) Vectors (A) vs. Scalars (A):
▪ Vector: Magnitude and direction, Ex: Velocity, Force
EM-Ch1_1 2
b) Unit Vectors
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c) Dot Product:
▪ is a scalar
A. B A1B1 A2 B2 A3B3 A.B.cosθAB
A. A A2
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d) Cross Product:
▪ is a vector, is perpendicular to both A and B
A A 0
a1 a2 a3
A B A1 A2 A3 BA
B1 B2 B3
A B
EM-Ch1_1 5
e) Triple CrossProduct:
▪ is a vector :
A (BC)
▪ in general : A (B C) B(CA) C (A B)
EM-Ch1_1 6
f) Scalar Triple Product:
▪ is a scalar :
A.(B C) B.(CA) C.(A B)
A1 A2 A3
B1 B2 B3
C1 C2 C3
EM-Ch1_1 7
❖ Examples: D1.2
D1.2: Given:
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❖ Examples: D1.2
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❖ Examples: D1.2
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❖ Examples: D1.2
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1.2: The coordinate systems
EM-Ch1_2 1
1.2.1 Cartesian Coordinate System:
EM-Ch1_2 2
b) Position vector:
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c) Vector from P1(x1, y1, z1) to P2(x2, y2, z2)
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❖ Examples: P1.8
Given : A(12, 0, 0), B(0, 15, 0), C(0, 0, –20).
a) Distance from B to C ?
EM-Ch1_2 5
1.2.2 Cylindrical Coordinate Systems:
EM-Ch1_2 6
1.2.3 Spherical Coordinate Systems:
EM-Ch1_2 7
1.2.4 Conversion of points between co. systems:
Cartesian Cylindrical
r x2 y2
(x, y, z) y
tg 1
x
zz
x r cos
y r sin (r, , z)
zz
EM-Ch1_2 8
1.2.4 Conversion of points between co. systems:
Cartesian Spherical
r x y z
2 2 2
x2 y2
(x, y, z) tg 1
z
y
tg 1
x
x r sin cos
y r sin sin (r, , )
z r cos
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❖Example: Determine x, y, z ?
EM-Ch1_2 10
❖Example: Determine x, y, z ?
EM-Ch1_2 12
❖Example: Determine x, y, z ?
EM-Ch1_3 1
a) Formulas:
d l h1du1a1 h2du2 a2 h3du3 a3
d S h2h3du2du3 a1 h1h3du1du3 a2 h1h2du1du2a3
dV h1h2h3du1du2du3
Metric coefficients h1 h2 h3
(Larmor)
Cartesian : 1 1 1
Cylindrical: 1 r 1
Spherial: 1 r rsin
EM-Ch1_3 2
b) Differential elements in Cartesian :
Thường
dùng
d l dx i x dy i y dz i z
d S dydz i x dxdz i y dxdy i z
dV dxdydz
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❖ Differential volume:
EM-Ch1_3 4
c) Differential elements in cylindrical :
d l dr a r rd a dz a z
d S rddz a r drdz a rdrd a z
dV rdrddz
EM-Ch1_3 5
❖ Differential volume :
EM-Ch1_3 6
d) Differential elements in spherical :
d l dr ar rd a r sind a
d S r2 sindd ar r sindrd a rdrd a
dV r2 sindrdd
EM-Ch1_3 7
❖ Differential volume :
EM-Ch1_3 8
e) Line, surface and volume
integrals :
EM-Ch1_3 9
i. The Line Integral :
▪ The Line Integral : Work done in carrying a charge from A to
B in an electric field.
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❖ Example1:
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❖ Example1:
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❖ Example1:
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❖ Example1:
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ii. The Surface Integral :
EM-Ch1_3 15
❖ Example1:
EM-Ch1_3 16
iii. The volume Integral :
EM-Ch1_3 17
1.4: The fundamental
operators
EM-Ch1_4 1
a) Gradient of ascalar field:
EM-Ch1_4 2
❖ Properties of Gradient Operator:
i. It is normal to the surface on which
the given function is constant.
unit vector = (gradU) / |gradU|
ii. It points in the direction in which the
given function changes most rapidly
with position.
iii. Its magnitude gives the maximum rate
of change of the given function per
unit distance.
iv. The directional derivative of a
function at a point in any direction is
equal to the dot product of the
gradient of the function and the unit
vector in that direction.
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b) Divergence of avectorfield:
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❖ Divergence Theorem :
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❖ Summary :
EM-Ch1_4 6
c) Curl of a vectorfield:
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❖ Stokes Theorem:
EM-Ch1_4 8
❖ Summary:
▪Curl descrides the rotational property , or the circulation of a
vector field.
EM-Ch1_4 9
d) Laplacian operator:
2 div(grad )
1 h2 h3 ) ...]
[ (
h1 h2 h3 u1 h1 u1
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e) Classification of fields:
EM-Ch1_4 11
f) Vector identities:
( fg) grad( f .g) f .grad(g) g.grad( f )
( f A) div( f .A) f .div(A)A.grad( f )
(A B) div(A B) B.rot(A) A.rot(B)
( f A) rot( f A) grad( f )A f .rot(A)
( A) div(rot A) 0
(f ) rot(grad(f )) 0
EM-Ch1_4 12
1.5:
Electromagnetic Field
EM-Ch1_5 1
a) Field :
FIELD is a description of how a physical quantity varies from
one point to another in the region of the field (and with time).
EM-Ch1_5 2
b) Electromagnetic Field :
❖Trường điện từ: là một dạng vật chất tồn tại xung
quanh các vật mang điện tích đứng yên hay chuyển động.
❖Trường điện & Trường từ: là hai mặt được phân chia
của Trường điện từ.
Đứng yên trường điện.
❖Điện tích
Chuyển đông trường từ.
EM-Ch1_5 4
❖ Electric Flux Density D :
▪ Môi trường chân không: D 0 E [C/ m2 ]
1
0 109 [F /m] = hằng số điện
36
▪ Môi trường điện môi: D 0 E P [C / m2 ]
(Vector phâncựcđiện)
✓Nếu điện môi đẳng hướng và tuyến tính: P 0e E
D 0 (1 e)E 0r E DE
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❖ TheCharge:
EM-Ch1_5 7
▪ Mật độ điện tích phân bố:
i. Line Charge Density:
q
dq
ii. Surface Charge Density: ρS lim
[C/m2 ]
S0 S dS
q dq
iii. Volume Charge Density: ρV lim [C/m3 ]
V 0 V dV
▪ Total Charge :
EM-Ch1_5 8
d) Magnetic Field :
❖Magnetic Flux Density B :
➢ Ta nói bên ngoài nam châm tồn tại một trường từ, đặc
trưng bởi:
0 4 .10 7
[ H / m] = hằng số từ
▪ Môi trường từ môi: H 1
B M [A/ m]
0
(Vectorphâncựctừ)
✓Nếu từ môi đẳng hứng và tuyến tính: M m H
B 0 (1 m )H 0r H B H
= 0r = Độ thẩm từ tuyệt đối của môi trường [H/m]
r = Độ thẩm từ tương đối [0]
m = độ cảm từ [0]
EM-Ch1_5 10
▪ Độ thẩm từ tương đối của một số vật liệu
EM-Ch1_5 11
❖ The ElectricCurrent :
dq
▪ Defined as the rate : I (A)
dt
▪At a point, the current density concept is more useful than the
current. There are two models.
EM-Ch1_5 12
i. Volume current density :
+ module J=dI/dS
❖ Định luật Ohm: J E
EM-Ch1_5 14
1.6:
Fundamental Laws of
Electromagnetic Field
EM-Ch1_6 1
1.6.1 The Law of Conservation of Charge :
a) Be stated in words and Integral form:
dq
i(t)
dt
EM-Ch1_6 2
b) Continuity equation:
V
dq dt dV
t
dq dt i ° J d S V
V
div J dV dV , V
V V t
div J V t (Continuity equation = Differential form)
EM-Ch1_6 3
1.6.2 Gauss’ Law for the Electric Field
a) Be stated in words and Integral form:
EM-Ch1_6 4
b) Differential form:
Differential form of
GAUSS’ LAW FOR THE
ELECTRIC FIELD
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1.6.3 Gauss’ Law for the Magnetic Field:
a) Be stated in words and Integral form :
Magnetic flux emanating from a closed surface S = 0.
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b) Differential form:
Differential form of
GAUSS’ LAW FOR THE
MAGNETIC FIELD
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1.6.4 Ampere’s Circuital Law :
a) Be stated in words and Integral form :
❖Line integral of H around a closed path = the net current Ienc
enclosed in the path.
Ienc = Ik = I1 + I2 - I3
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b) Ampere’s Law in differential form:
EM-Ch1_6 9
1.6.5 Faraday’s Law :
a) Be stated in words and Integral form :
EM-Ch1_6 10
b) Differential form of Faraday’s law:
d
From : ° C E d l S B d S dS
dt B(t) (C)
S
B
... rot E d S d S,S
S S t
Differential form
of Faraday’s Law
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❖ Faraday’s Experiment:
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❖ Applications of Faraday’s law:
A DC generator An AC generator
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1.7 Displacement Current And
Maxwell’s Equations :(Nhắc sau)
EM-Ch1_7 1
a) Displacement Current:
❖ From Ampere’s law: rot H J
V
div(rot H) div J
t
But div(rot H) 0 (vector analysis)
V
0
t
➢only DC current!!!
EM-Ch1_7 2
a) Displacement Current: (cont. )
❖ From continuity equation:
V D
div( J ) 0 div( J ) 0
t t
D
J total J
t
▪ Conducting current density:
EM-Ch1_7 3
b) Maxwell’s equations :
Intergral form Differential form
(5)
EM-Ch1_7 4
1.8 Boundary Conditions For EM:
EM-Ch1_8 1
a) Introduction:
▪ The conditions that the field must satisfy at the interface .
medium 1 an
(1; 1; 1)
▪ Attention : an : 2 1
EM-Ch1_8 2
b) The conditions on the normal components:
D2
(2; 2; 2) D2n
D1n D2n ρs
B1n B2n 0
J1n J 2n t
ρs
EM-Ch1_8 3
c) The conditions on the tangential components:
H1t H2t JS
E1t E2t 0
E2
EM-Ch1_8 4
d) The Special cases :
EM-Ch1_8 5
❖ case1: lossless linear media
Electric
Field
Magnetic
Field
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❖ case2: PerfectConductor
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❖Special casec: Two Conducting media
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