Presentation on one months Industrial

Training undertaken at

SUBMITTED BY :- NITESH SINGHAL

UNIV Roll No. :- 07EJCEC056
COLL. Roll NO. :- 56(B1)
BRANCH :- ECE
 COMPANY PROFILE

 Chairman & M.D. : Mr. Ratan N. Tata

 CEO & Joint Managing Director : Mr. Anil Kumar Sardana

 Employees : 4,30,000

 Proportionate Revenue : $ 10.5 Billion

 Shares in Issue :5.32 Million in June 2010

 CONTENTS
 INTRODUCTION
 HISTORY
 EVOLUTION OF CDMA
 TYPES OF CDMA
 WORKING PRINCIPLE
 WORKING OF CDMA
 TRANSMITTER STRUCTURE
 RECEIVER STRUCTURE
 ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES
 APPLICATIONS
 CONCLUSION
 BIBILOGRAPHY
 OVERVIEW
 CDMA stands for CODE DIVISION MULTIPLE
ACCESS.

CDMA is one method for implementing a multiple access

communication system.

It is a technique where many subscribers or local

stations can share the use of a communication channel at
the same time or nearly so despite the fact originate from
widely different locations.
 This technology is based upon principle of
SPREAD SPECTRUM TECHNIQUE.

 It means that it spreads the information

contained in a particular signal of interest over a
much greater bandwidth than the original signal.
 HISTORY
 CDMA is a military technology first used during World War II
by the English allies to foil German attempts at jamming
transmissions.

 In 1957, Sylvania Electronic System Division, in Buffalo, New

York , took up the same idea. After the expiry of the inventor’s
patent, they used the same technology to secure communications
for the US military.

 In the mid-80s, the US military declassified what is now called

CDMA technology, a technique based on spread-spectrum
technology, for use in wireless communication.

 Qualcomm, which patented CDMA, and other telecommunication

companies, were attrached to the technology.
 EVOLUTION
 1940s and 1950s Spread Spectrum technique for military anti-jam
applications.
 1949 Claude Shannon and Robert Pierce develop basic ideas of CDMA
 1970s Several CDMA developments for military systems (e. g. GPS)
 July of 1993, the TIA (Telecommunications Industry Association) gave
its approval for the CDMA Technology standard.
 1993 IS-95 CDMA standard finalized
 October 1, 2000 SK Telecom of Korea launches the first commercial
cdma2000 network
 April 17, 2001 Ericsson and Vodafone UK claim to have made the
world's first WCDMA voice call over commercial network.
 January 28, 2002 SK Telecom in Korea launched the world's first
commercial CDMA2000
 TYPES OF CDMA
 CDMAONE:-

This is the older version of the CDMA technology and now it is now known as
cdmaone as well asIS-95.

 CDMA 2000:

We now have cdma2000 and its variants like 1X EV, 1XEV-DO, and MC 3X.
This first phase of cdma2000 - variously called 1XRTT, 3G1X having double
current voice capacity and support always-on data transmission speeds 10
timesfaster than typically available today.

 CDMA2000 Technical Detail:

 Frequency band: Any existing band.
 Minimum frequency band required: 1.25MHz
 Chip rate: 1.2288 to 3.6864 Mcps
 Maximum user data rate: 144 kbps now
 TYPES (contd…)

WCDMA:
Wideband CDMA that is Developed originally by
Qualcomm, CDMA is characterized by high capacity and
small cell radius, employing spread-spectrum technology
and a special coding scheme. WCDMA uses 5 MHz
bandwidth.
CDMA Phones at Glance:
» Samsung SCH-N191
» LG RD2030
» LG-Elect-TM910
» LG Electronics TM510
 WORKING PRINCIPLE
 CDMA is a "spread spectrum" technology, which means that it
spreads the information contained in a particular signal of
interest over a much greater bandwidth than the original
signal.
 The standard data rate of a CDMA call is 9600 bits per second
(9.6 kilobits per second).
 This initial data is "spread," including the application of digital
codes to the data bits, up to the transmitted rate of about 1.23
megabits per second.
 At the receiving end the digital codes are separated out,
leaving only the original information which was to be
communicated.
 It is very difficult to jam, difficult to interfere with, and
difficult to identify.
 WORKING
Working of a wireless network

11
 WORKING (Contd…)
 The CDMA uses the spread spectrum technology. The spread
spectrum refers to any system that satisfies the following conditions :
 The spread spectrum may be viewed as a kind of modulation scheme
in which the modulated(spread spectrum) signal bandwidth is much
greater than the message(baseband)signal bandwidth. Thus, spread
spectrum is a wideband scheme.

 The spectral spreading is performed by a code that is independent of

the message signal. This same code is also used at the receiver to
dispersed the received signal in order to recover the message signal
(from spread spectrum signal).

 The spread spectrum increases the bandwidth of the message signal

by a factor N, called the processing gain. If the message signal
bandwidth is B Hz and the corresponding spread spectrum signal
bandwidth is Bss Hz, then Processing gain N = Bss/ B
 Thus, the key to CDMA is to be able to extract the desired
signal while rejecting everything else as random noise. A
somewhat simplified description of CDMA follows: In
CDMA each bit time is subdivided into m short intervals
called chips .Typically, there are 64 or 128 chips per bit, but
in the example given below we will use 8 chips/bit for
simplicity. Each station is assigned a unique m -bit code or
chip sequence . To transmit a 1 bit, a station sends its chip
sequence. To transmit a 0 bit, it sends the one’s complement
of its chip

 It is more convenient to use a bipolar notation, with binary

0 being –1 and binary 1 being +1.
 We will show chip sequences in parentheses, so a 1 bit for
station A now becomes (-1-1- 1+1+1-1+1+1).
CDMA TRANSMITTER
CDMA RECIEVER
 ADVANTAGES
 No SIM card is required.
 Improved call quality as it provides better and more consistent sound
quality than systems based on other technologies.
 Enhanced privacy when compared to systems using other technologies.
 Increased talk time and standby time for mobiles.
 They are difficult to intercept for an unauthorized person.
 They are easily hidden. For an unauthorized person, it is difficult to ever
detect their presence in many cases.
 They are resistant to jamming.
 Capacity increases of 8 to 10 times that of an AMPS Analog system, and 4
to 5 times GSM , because of CDMA’s unique spread spectrum technology.
 Many users can share the same carrier frequency, and without time-
sharing.
 Dropped calls are minimized by CDMA's unique.
 Simplified system planning through the use of the same frequency in every
sector of everycell.
 DISADVANTAGES

Roaming :
Since most countries have chosen the GSM
standard, “roaming” on CDMA is limited.
M-commerce :
A CDMA doesn’t have a SIM card, which makes m-
commerce difficult.
 APPLICATIONS
 Daily applications possible with CDMA
 Daily Downloads
• Ringers
• characters
• images
• horoscopes
 Real time stock quotes
• of different stock exchanges
 Text Communication
• Chat
• instant messaging
• SMS
• e-mail
• message board
• member search
 APPLICATIONS(contd….)
 Sending photos over the air
• MMS messages
 Position Location Services
• navigation assistance
• friend finder
 Games and Entertainment
• magazine
• comic book store
 CONCLUSION
After these wonderful particulars of CDMA technology I arrive at the conclusion as follows:
Where CDMA scores :
 Voice Quality
CDMA reduces background noise and cross talk, ensuring better voice quality, which is
further enhanced by the microprocessors inside the phones.
 Call Security
By design, CDMA is more secure technology.
 Talk Time
A CDMA phone consumes very little power, and has a longer talk time.
 Bandwidth
CDMA 2000 1x offers 144kbps, which makes it capable for multimedia tasks.

Where CDMA needs to score :

 Roaming
Since most countries have chosen the GSM standard, “roaming” on CDMA is limited.
 M-commerce
A CDMA doesn’t have a SIM card, which makes m-commerce difficult.
 BIBILOGRAPHY
 Reference Book
– CRESPO, P.M., HONIG, M.L., and SALEHI, J.A. : “Spread-
Time Code-Division Multiple Access” IEEE Trans. On
Commun., vol 43, pp. 2139-2148, June 1995.
– COMPUTER NETWORKS
– VITERBI, A.J.: CDMA Principle of Spread Spectrum
Communications.
 Websites :
– www.cdg.org
– www.umts.org
– www.palowireless.com
– www.ieee.org
– www.yahoo.com
– www.google.com
THANK YOU

23
QUERIES:-

24