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Lecture 1: Overview & Introduction of MOS Transistors Digital Systems, EE-208
Lecture 1: Overview & Introduction of MOS Transistors Digital Systems, EE-208
Si Si Si
Si Si Si
Si Si Si
Dopants
°Silicon is a semiconductor
°Pure silicon has no free carriers and conducts
poorly
°Adding dopants increases the conductivity
°Group V: extra electron (n-type)
°Group III: missing electron, called hole (p-type)
Si Si Si Si Si Si
- +
+ -
Si As Si Si B Si
Si Si Si Si Si Si
p-n Junctions
p-type n-type
anode cathode
nMOS Transistor
n+ n+
Body
p bulk Si
nMOS Operation
0
n+ n+
S D
p bulk Si
nMOS Operation Cont.
1
n+ n+
S D
p bulk Si
pMOS Transistor
p+ p+
n bulk Si
Power Supply Voltage
°GND = 0 V
°In 1980’s, VDD = 5V
°VDD has decreased in modern processes
• High VDD would damage modern tiny transistors
• Lower VDD saves power
g=0 g=1
d d d
nMOS g OFF
ON
s s s
d d d
pMOS g OFF
ON
s s s
CMOS Transistor Theory
°So far, we have treated transistors as ideal
switches
°An ON transistor passes a finite amount of current
• Depends on terminal voltages
• Derive current-voltage (I-V) relationships
A
GND VDD
Y SiO2
n+ diffusion
p+ diffusion
n+ n+ p+ p+
polysilicon
n well
p substrate
metal1
• Depletion (a)
• Inversion
0 < Vg < Vt
depletion region
+
-
(b)
Vg > Vt
inversion region
+
- depletion region
(c)
Introduction 15
Terminal Voltages
• Vgs = Vg – Vs +
Vgs
+
Vgd
• Vgd = Vg – Vd - -
Vs Vd
• Vds = Vd – Vs = Vgs - Vgd -
Vds +
°No channel
°Ids ≈ 0
Vgs = 0 Vgd
+ g +
- -
s d
n+ n+
p-type body
b
nMOS Linear
°Channel forms
°Current flows from d to s
• e- from s to d
Vgs > Vt
Vgd = Vgs
+ g +
°Ids increases with Vds - -
s d
p-type body
b
Vgs > Vt
Vgs > Vgd > Vt
+ g +
- - Ids
s d
n+ n+
0 < Vds < Vgs-Vt
p-type body
b
nMOS Saturation
Vgs > Vt
g Vgd < Vt
+ +
- -
s d Ids
n+ n+
Vds > Vgs-Vt
p-type body
b
I-V Characteristics
A Y VDD
0 1
1 0 OFF
ON
0
1
A Y
ON
OFF
A Y
GND
CMOS NAND Gate
A B Y
ON
OFF
OFF
ON OFF
ON
0 0 1
0 1 1
1
0
Y
1 0 1 ON
A OFF
1 1 0 0
1
1
0
OFF
ON
B ON
OFF
CMOS NOR Gate
A B Y
0 0 1 A
0 1 0
1 0 0 B
1 1 0 Y
3-input NAND Gate
Y
A
B
C
Fabrication
Courtesy of International
Business Machines Corporation.
Unauthorized use not permitted.