Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Bab I Gas Ideal Dan Nyata 2009 - 2010
Bab I Gas Ideal Dan Nyata 2009 - 2010
Bab I Gas Ideal Dan Nyata 2009 - 2010
V
100 liquid C
M
0
F
ice
Latent heat
Sensible heat
Free energy
TEKANAN
Aneroid Barometer
Mercury Barometer
Percobaan
Zn(s) + HCl(aq) ZnCl2(aq) +H2(g)
Tekanan uap air Vs Temperatur
Temperatur Tekanan (mm Hg)
10 °C 9.2
20 °C 17.5
25 °C 23.8
30 °C 31.8
40 °C 55.3
50 °C 92.5
60 °C 149.4
70 °C 233.7
80 °C 355.1
Satuan Tekanan
1. Millimeter of Mercury: (mm Hg)
- 1 mm Hg = 1 torr (Torricelli)
- Pada 0°C = 760 mm Hg atau torr
2. Atmosphere of Pressure: (atm) 760 mm Hg
- 1 atm = 760 mm Hg
- Pada 0°C = 1 atm
3. Pascal: (Pa) = gaya 1 newton (1N) pada satu-satuan
luas permukaan (m2)
- Pada 0°C = 1.01325 x 105 Pa atau 101.3 KPa
Satuan Tekanan - continued
1 atm = 760 mm Hg
760 torr
1.01325 x 105 Pa
101.3 KPa
THE STATES OF MATTER
Solid
Liquid
Gas
THE SOLID STATE
glass: disorder arrangement of particles
glassy and rubbery transition particle orders
glassy: brittle
rubbery: flexible
crystal: well order arrangement of particles; ionic bond and van der Waals
forces,
ionic crystal: the structure is determined largely by the geometrical
problem of packing together ions of different sizes into an almost
infinite, symmetrical and electrical neutral array; this generates rigid
solid which is difficult to break the bonds simultaneously
realcrystal has imperfect structural uniformity which develops and
spread under stress
heating can supply enough energy to break weak covalent bonds and
overall the solid has low melting or boiling point
weak van der Waals attraction results in crystal with lower rigidity such as
liquid crystal
THE LIQUID STATE
V = k (1/P) atau PV = k
k adalah konstanta
V = kT atau V/T = k
k adalah konstanta
P = kT atau P/T = k
PV/T = k
P1V1/T1 = P2V2/T2
Tekanan Parsial
Menurut Hukum Dalton
Tekanan total dari
campuran gas sama
dengan jumlah
tekanan parsial
masing-masing
komponen gasnya. nJ RT RT
J pJ J V V J nJ
PT = P1+P2+P3+…… nRT
p
V
Hukum Gas Ideal
pV nRT
p = Tekanan
V = volume
n = mol
T = temperatur
R = Tetapan gas umum= 0.08206 L-atm/mol-K
= 8.314 J mol-1 K-1
Satuan Tetapan Gas, R
Tekanan Parsial
p AV nA RT
pA = tekanan parsial gas A
V = volume total
nA = mol gas A
T = temperatur
R = tetapan gas umum = 0.08206 L-atm/mol-K
5 Asumsi Kinetic Molecular Theory
Gas Ideal …
Ekspansi mengisi kontainer
Bergerak seperti fluida
DIFUSI
Mempunyai densitas rendah
Dapat ditekan
Interaksi
Antar molecul
2.5 Z = pVm/RT
2.0
1.5
repulsive
Z
1.0
0.5 attractive
0.0
0 200 400 600 800 1000
pressure (atm)
Gaya Antar Molekul: depends on
chemical bond types
4
2
Energy
-1
repulsive attractive
-2
-3
1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0
distance
Persamaan van der Waals
p a / V V
2
m m b nRT
Vm,eff Vm b Tolak-menolak
peff p a / V 2
m Tarik-menarik
Persamaan van der Waals: is it applicable in
food system???????
RT a
p 2
Vm b Vm
EOS
Persamaan Virial suatu Keadaan
Gas Nyata Gas Ideal
Isotherm
Maxwell construction: cut out (CO2)
B C
pVm RT (1 2 )
Vm Vm
RT a
p 2 Persamaan van der Waals
Vm b Vm
Tc Critical Point
x
dp RT 2a
3 0
dVm Vm b Vm
2 Zc
pcVc 3
0.375
RTc 8
d2p 2 RT 6a
4 0
dVm Vm b Vm
2 3
a 8a
Vc 3b; pc 2
; Tc
27b 27 Rb
(Faktor kompresibilitas kritis)
Zc=Konstan untuk keseluruhan gas
Konstanta kritis adalah sifat karaterisasi dari gas
pcVc 3
Zc
RTc 8
Isotherm Gas Ideal
200
150
4000K
100
2000K
50
1000K
500K
100K
0
0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0
Vm/L
Isotherm van der Waals - Ar
200
500K
150
200K
100
50
150K
0
-50
100K
-100
0.00 0.10 0.20 0.30 0.40
Vm/L
Variabel Reduksi
V = VrVc
Vr=V/Vc; Tr=T/Tc; pr= p/pc T = TrTc
P = PrPc
8Tr 3
pr 2
3Vr 1 Vr
Tidak ada faktor a dan b! reduced V or p;
principle of corresponding states
mathematically similar to ideal gas
Does not work for non-spherical gas particles or
polar molecules
Penggunaan Variabel Reduksi
Critical thinking – food for thought
vdW:
Clumsy, high skill in numerical analysis
Approximation!! (it fails for T high, r low)
Often fails!! – FOOD SYSTEM IS MOSTLY A
MIXTURE OF MACROMOLECULES
Do solely gas based products exist in foods?????
Other equations proposed for non ideal gas (Atkins, 1975)
Berthelot
Dieterici
Beattie-Bridgeman
Virial – Kammerlingh Onnes
Who’s next????