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UploadFile 3745
UploadFile 3745
UploadFile 3745
RETAINING WALLS
2 Retaining Walls -
Applications
high
way
3 Retaining Walls -
Applications
High-rise
building
basement wall
Retaining Walls - Applications
4
Road
Train
E E
Tunnel
Dock
Abutment
RETAINING WALLS
TYPES
GRAVITY WALLS
RETAINING WALLS
TYPES
CANTILEVER
RETAINING WALLS
TYPES
COUNTERFORT
SIIT-Thammasat University RETAINING WALLS
TYPES
COUNTERFORT
BUTTRESS
STEM
or
Wall Slab
BACKFILL
FRONT
TOE HEEL
KEY
?
?
(R.P.
Weber)
?
?
(R.P.
Weber)
Water Pressure and Soil Pressure
Consider hydrostatic
condition Consider “at-rest” (geostatic) condition
sz
sx
Anisotropic
Isotropic
sz ≠ sx sz > sx
SIIT-Thammasat University
gy
EARTH PRESSURES
PRESSURE AT REST
ACTIVE EARTH PRESSURE
PASSIVE EARTH PRESSURE
PRESSURE AT REST
RIGID
z
K0gz
1 2
Eo gh K o
h
h/3
K0gh
SIIT-Thammasat University
EARTH PRESSURES
movem
ent
ACTIVE EARTH PRESSURE
γ
zo
c≠0
Φ
H dry soil
_
- =
Ka γH 2 c (Ka)1/2 Ka γH – 2 c (Ka)1/2
Find zo:
Ka γzo – 2 c (Ka)1/2 = 0
Zo = 2c / γ (Ka)1/2
Pa = ?
ACTIVE EARTH PRESSURE
Note :
z = 0 sv = 0 ; sa = -2cKa
z = H sv = gH
The tensile stress decreases with depth and becomes zero at a depth
z = zc or
gzcKa – 2cKa = 0
and
2c
zc zc = depth of tensile crack
g Ka
ACTIVE EARTH PRESSURE
Pa 1 2 .g .H 2 .Ka
(for granular soil, c = 0)
γ
c≠0
Φ
H dry soil +- =
Kp γH 2 c (Kp)1/2 Kp γH + 2 c (Kp)1/2
sh = sv .Pp
Kp=+? 2cKp
- △ +△
E
Ep
Eo
Ea o
-△ +△
△a △p
A g1=17kN/m3
h1 =2m
c1=0
1=34o
B
h=5m
g2=19kN/m3
h2 =3m
c2=10kPa
2=16o
C
Lateral Earth Pressure
Solution:
A
h1=2m
h=5m 10.4kP
h2=3m B a
4.2kPa
C 36.6kP
a
paA g 1 zK a1 0
paB上 g 1h1K a1=10.4kPa
paB下 g 1h1K a 2-2c2 K a 2=4.2kPa
paC (g 1h1 g 2 h2 ) K a 2 2c2 K a 2 36.6kPa
Ea 10.4 2 / 2 (4.2 36.6) 3 / 2=71.6kN / m
Active Stress Distribution (c = 0)
48
γ
c=0
Φ
H dry soil
Pa = ?
? - What is this value
γ
c=0
Φ
H dry soil
Pp = ?
? - What is this value
H2
Pa
Ka γ H1 Ka γ’ H2 γw H2
or
Ka (γ H1 + γ’ H 2)
H2
Pa
Ka γ H1 Ka γ’ H2 γw H2
or
Ka (γ H1 + γ’ H 2)
ACTIVE EARTH PRESSURE
Assumptions:
sin 2 ( )
Ka 2
sin( ). sin( )
sin . sin 1
2
sin( ). sin( )
ACTIVE EARTH PRESSURE
Pp = ½ Kp . g . H2
SIIT-Thammasat University
STABILITY
OVERTURNING
SLIDING
BEARING
OVERTURNING
OVERTURNING
Overturning Forces
Active Pressure
Soil+Surcharge
OVERTURNING
Restoring Forces
Weight of Wall
No Passive
Pressure
Weight of Soil
(with care)
Weight of Soil
OVERTURNING
Restoring Moment
FOS vs OT =
Overturning Moment
Active Pressure
Soil+Surcharge
H1
H2
Vc2 Vc3
Active Pressure
Soil+Surcharge
Resisting Forces
SLIDING with KEY
No Surcharge Here
Vc1
Vs2 Vs1
H
Vc2 Vc3
RESULTANT
Vc1
Vs2 Vs1
Active Pressure
Soil+Surcharge
Vc2 Vc3
V 6Ve
2
B B
V 6Ve
2
B B
B
B/2
School of Civil Engineering-AIT
SIIT-Thammasat University
y2
P1 P2 y3
y1
y3=y2+(y1-y2) (B-x1)/B
B P1=(y1+y3) x1/2
x1
P2=V-P1
V e
V 6Ve
2
B B
V 6Ve
2
B B
B
B/2
School of Civil Engineering-AIT
SIIT-Thammasat University
V 6Ve
2
B B
V 6Ve
2
B B
B
x
3x Determine P1 and
2V P2 once again
P1 P2
3x
Passive Earth
Force in Front of Key Pressure Force
BEARING
1. No surcharge on heel
2. Surcharge on heel
BEARING
This case has been dealt already
No Surcharge on Heel
RESULTANT
Vc1
Vs2 Vs1
Active Pressure
Soil+Surcharge
Vc2 Vc3
RESULTANT
Vc1
Vs2 Vs1
Active Pressure
Soil+Surcharge
Vc2 Vc3
e A=B
x
S=B2/6
V
V 6Ve
2
B B
V 6Ve
2
B B
B
B/2
School of Civil Engineering-AIT
SIIT-Thammasat University
Compare Pressure with
Bearing Capacity
V 6Ve
2
B B
V 6Ve
2
B B
B
Allowable Bearing
FOS vs Bearing =
Max Bearing Pressure
V 6Ve
2
B B
School of Civil Engineering-AIT
SIIT-Thammasat University
ALTERNATELY
V 6Ve
V 6Ve 2
2 B B
B B B
2V/3x
3x
Allowable Bearing
FOS vs Bearing =
Max Bearing Pressure
2V/3x
School of Civil Engineering-AIT
END OF PART I
SIIT-Thammasat University
BENDING OF WALL
Critical Section
Moment
Active Pressure
Soil+Surcharge
Design Moment
=1.6 (H1 y1 + H2 y2) Surcharge = s N/m2
h
H1=Ca s h
y1 y2 H2=0.5 Ca gs h2
1 .7 H 1 H 2
h h Surcharge = s N/m2
h
H'1=Ca s (h-d)
H'2=0.5 Ca gs (h-d)2
d
Critical Section
Moment
y3
y1
T
y3
y1
Ts=T-d
Critical Section
Moment & Shear
TENSION FACES
ACI 14.3.2
ACI 14.3.3
Weepers
Or
Weep Holes
Perforated Pipe
Active
Active Failure Condition movem Failure
Ka = Coefficient of ent Wedge
Active Earth Pressure (45+/2
(Wall Moving Away )
from Backfill)
Passive
(small sx)
Passive Failure Condition movem Failure
Kp = Coefficient of ent Wedge
Passive Earth Pressure (45 -
(Wall Moving Toward /2)
Backfill)
Active
Rankine Active Failure Surface
Failure
45
Pole /2
45
Point
/2
1 sin '
s ' z s ' x
1 sin '
so..
1 sin ' '
K a tan 2 45
1 sin ' 2
Passive
Rankine Passive Failure Surface Failure
Pole
45
Point
/2 1 sin '
s ' x s ' z
1 sin '
so..
1 sin ' '
K p tan 2 45
1 sin ' 2
Consider Mohr’s Circles… sx decreases until failure
Ka < K0< Kp
Lateral Earth Pressure
101
σv’
H
σh’
σv z
H
σh
At Rest Earth Pressure
103
At rest earth pressure occur when there is no wall rotation such as
in a braced wall (basement wall for example)
σv z
H
σh
AT REST EARTH PRESSURE
z sv = g . z + q Clayand
Broker with OCR
Ireland >2M=
sv Ko = 0.40 + 0.007 PI , 0 PI 4
0.95
Ko = 0.64 + 0.001 PI , 40 PI
sh
Sherif and Ishibashi Ko = + (OCR – 1)
sh
K = 0.54 + 0.00444
sv
(LL – 20)
At rest, K = Ko
= 0.09 + 0.00111