•Objectives of this chapter:

In order to accomplish the intentions of this chapter,

you should be able to:
1. Compare the educational systems of selected countries of
the world.
2. Describe multi-cultural education and the role of the
teacher in addressing diversity among learners.
3. Identify opportunities provided by exchange programs in
the development of world-class teacher.
4. Describe various educational technologies utilized in
innovative teaching strategies for global teaching.
5. Reflect on the qualities and responsibilities of a global
teacher.
---Conrado de Quiroz
We live in a “global village, hence a need for global teachers”

 increased knowledge about the peoples of the

world.
 Resolutions of global problems
 Increased fluency in foreign languages
 Development of more tolerant attitudes towards
cultures and peoples.
a. Use of technology in the classroom
b. Incorporation of changing realities of our world’s societies
c. Ease of mobility of peoples of the world

a. Wider range of knowledge of various educational systems

outside the country.
b. Master skills and competencies which can address global
demands.
c. Posses attitudes and values that are acceptable to
multicultural communities.
Benchmarking is learning the best from
the best practices of the world’s best
educational systems.
 Educational System

• The system of formalized transmission of knowledge and

values operating within a given society
 Most students enrolled in government schools which operate under the
direct responsibility of the state or Territory Education Ministry.
• Primary School : 6 years
--6 yrs old to 12 years old
• Secondary School : 6 years
a. Junior HS – year 7 to year 10 (Compulsory)
Gov., non-Gov. Co-Educational Comprehensive
/Multi-Purpose High School
b. Senior HS – year 11 to year 12 (Not Compulsory)
--16 to 18 years old.
• Tertiary School : TAFE (Technical and Further Education)

AY begins from March to November. Long vacation: Dec1 to Feb 28;

English is the language of instruction.
Federal Government provides supplementary financial support.
• MAIN PURPOSE OF AHE:
1. To enable individuals to develop their capabilities for
effective participation in the work force, for constructive
contribution to society and for personal growth and
fulfillment;
2. To advance knowledge and understanding;
3. Aid the application of knowledge and understanding for
the benefit of the economy and the society;
4. Enable individuals to adapt and learn, consistent with the
needs of an adaptable knowledge-based economy at the
local, regional and national levels;
5. Contribute to democratic civilized society.
Requirement: Senior Secondary Certificate of Education

a. Arts, Sciences, Commerce – 3 years (Pass)

b. Education, Engineering – 4 years (Honors)
c. Veterinary, Science, Dentistry, Architecture – 5 years
d. Medicine and Surgery – 6 years

a. Masters Degree (1 to 2 years)

b. Doctorate Degree (Ph.D., higher doctorate in science or
DSsc, or Humanities or DLitt)
 The largest educational system of the world.*
The educational system is highly centralized.
 Course syllabi are written by scientists
and professors hired by National
Educational Commission.
 Subject matter and instructional
contents are uniform for all.

* Wang, 1996; Nanjundiah, 1996

• Primary Grades (6 years)
--> devoted to development of cognitive skills.

• High School (6 years)

Junior HS: 3 years
Senior HS: 3 years
--> students have to cover all the topics in order to pass one
of the two (2) versions of the National University Entrance
Examination (NUEE)

• University (6 years)

Problems: Elitism to social alienation.

• Class size: 40 to 60 years

• Highly centralized and administered by the Mombusho or
Ministry of Education
• Serves as model of how to operate schools.
• System gives a mental picture of obedient, quite school
children sitting on their desks, listening to the teacher and
working hard to pass the various entrance examinations.

1. Kindergarten
2. Elementary (six years)
3. Secondary : Lower (3 years); and Upper (3 years)
4. University (usually 4 years)
• Education is free and compulsory for children 6 to 15 years.
• Preschools (Yochien: female teachers) are not official part
of the educational system.
• Classes are large; lecture is the usual teaching methods.

• No. of days: 243 days (year-round with some breaks

between session)
• Standard Curriculum includes Japanese Langauge, Social
Studies, Math and Science along with Art, Music, HE, PE.
(emphasis has been given to learning the Japanese
Language)
• Lower Secondary Schools: Grade 7, 8 & 9.
• Men compose two-thirds of the teachers in this level.
• Class size average: 38 students
• Duration: 50 minutes long

• Upper Secondary Schools offer academic, technical, and

vocational programs.
• First year courses: Japanese Language, English, Science and
Math, Vocational courses includes Information Processing,
Navigation, Fish Farming, Ceramics, and Business Language
• Ranked on their success in placing graduating students.
• Junior Colleges (Women): HE, Nursing, Teaching, Humanities
and Social Science.
• Private institutions make up 80% of university enrolments
although public schools have more prestige.
• Placement exams: NAT & College Entrance Test

• Ronin (Samurai) is a student who fail the test (NAT/CET) and

subject to take another year to study and prepare to take the
test again.
• Masters degree
• Doctoral degree: Medical programs and Humanities.

• If you do well in exams, you will get into good

schools/universities & automatically into a good life-time job.
• Their Constitution guarantees equal access to basic
education.
• Values and Principles:

a. Equity and redress

b. Access to basic education

c. Opportunities for lifelong learning

d. Quality in terms of providing learners with learning

acceptable standards.
e. Efficiency

f. Democratic participation
g. Sustainability of development and relevance of education.
• Formal education categorize into sectors or levels.

• Sectors:
a. Public ordinary schools education
b. Independent school education
c. Special school education
d. Technical college education
e. Teacher training
f. Technikon
g. University training
• Formal education categorize into sectors or levels.

• Levels:
a. Pre-primary
b. Primary
c. Secondary
d. Higher education
• General Education and Training (GET) covers the reception
year (Grade R to IX); corresponds to level I of the National
Qualifications Framework (NQF) and divided into 3 phases.

• Phases:
a. Foundation (Grade R to III)
b. Intermediate (Grade IV to VI)
c. Senior Grades (Grade VII to IX)

• As a rule, children start primary education at the age

of 7
• Primary Education:
a. Junior Primary (Grades I to III)
b. Senior Primary (Grades IV to VI)
c. Grades VII to IX is the last stage of compulsory education
and will lead to General Education and Training Certificate

• Further Education Training (FET) or Senior Secondary

Education (Grades X to XII) is not compulsory

• At the end of Grade VII, students sit a public examination

leading to senior certificate.

• Technical Secondary Education (lasts for 3 years)

offered technical centers, HS & vocational schools.
• Eight Learning Areas (that form the basis of all basic
education up to the FET certificate)
a. Language, Literacy and Communication
b. Mathematical Literacy, Mathematics and Mathematical
Science
c. Natural Science
d. Technology
e. Human and Social Science
f. Economics and Management Science
g. Arts and Culture
h. Life Orientation
• Tertiary and Higher Education correspond to Level V to VIII
of NQF which is more advanced than the Senior certificate.

• Institutions:
a. Colleges
b. Technikons
c. Universities

• Most colleges of education offer a 3-year programme

leading to the Diploma in Education (4-year for higher
diplomas)
• Nursing Colleges and Hospital Schools of Nursing offer 4-
year course leading to a diploma.
• Agricultural Colleges offer 1-year certificate, 2-year higher
certificate and 3-year diploma courses.

• Technikons also offer bachelor’s, master’s (4-year course)

and doctoral degree programmes in technology.

• Master’s degrees (Magister Technologiae) require a

minimum of 1-year of study.
• Doctorates (Laureatus in Technology/Doctor of Technology)
require 2-year of study.

• Honor degree require one additional year of study

• School year consists of 196 school days (41 weeks) which is
divided into 4 terms.

• Other relevant sectors:

a. Special education

b. Private education or independent schools

c. Adult and non-formal education

d. HIV/AIDS education
• Education is compulsory for children ages 5 to 16.
• In the primary school, the subjects are taught by the same
teacher for a year before moving to a the nest grade level on
the next year.

• It is mandatory for all state schools to provide a balanced,

broadly based curriculum which promotes spiritual, moral,
cultural, mental and physical development which prepares
them for opportunities, responsibilities and experiences of
adult life.
• It includes religious education
• It also includes sex and career education for secondary
students.

• All schools whether private or state choose to follow

the national curriculum.
• The National Curriculum core subjects include English,
Mathematics, and Science
• Stages:
a. Foundational Stage—this is included in the National Curriculum
which covers children aged 3 – 5 years but does not have a
strong mandate as to what needs to happen during these years
of schooling as it is not yet mandatory.
b. Key Stage One*—it includes children aged 5 – 7 years and year
groups grades 1 – 2. It mandates core subjects including
English, Mathematics and Science, and non-core foundation
subjects as design/technology, history, art/design, music and
physical education.

• * other statutory areas are religious education (format decided by Local

Education Authorities or by the faith in which the school was founded)
• Stages:
c. Key Stage Two—it includes children aged 7 to 11 and year
groups 3 - 6. It mandates the same core and non-core
foundational subjects, with more emphasis on more
difficult topics and the addition of sex education.
d. Key Stage Three—it includes children aged 11– 14 years
and year groups grades 7– 9. It mandates the same
basics in Key Stages One and Two but adds foreign
language, and information/Communication Technology to
the mix while adding appropriate difficulty to the core
subjects.
• Stages:
e. Key Stage Four—it includes those aged 14 to 16 and year
groups 10 – 11. It covers the statutory program of study
that must be taught to all students. Most schools include
in their core curriculum courses that lead to qualifications
in each of the five subject areas which are English, Math,
Science, Information and Communication Technology
(ICT), and Physical Education.
f. Post 16 Education—it is not mandatory. Students can
either continue education or enter the working world.
Some secondary schools go beyond the 11 – 18 mandate
to 11 – 18 and the student may stay there.

• If the HS does not offer these Sixth Form extra years, the
students may go to a Further Education College (FEC)
• The following certificates or diploma can be awarded in the
post 16 education:

a. General Certificate of Education (GCE), a level comprising

Advanced Subsidiary (AS) and A2, each of these usually
containing three assessed units.
b. Vocational Certificate of Education (VCE)- a level , dealing with
the more applied aspects of the subject; they are available in
three, six , and twelve units sizes ; they replaced the advanced
General National Vocational Qualifications (GNVQs).
c. Foundation and Intermediate GNVQ are wisely used 16-19
d. Key skills qualifications at levels 1-4 of the National
Qualifications framework.
• Universities are not only concerned with the undergraduate
and postgraduate teaching.
• Needs to include reference to the Open University as a
major provider of the undergraduate and postgraduate
degrees for adults.

o Programs in universities usually 3-yr courses.

o Honors degree programs usually 4-yr courses
o Masters degree is usually achieved after 2 more years
study following an Ordinary or Honor degree
o Doctorate is normally awarded after several years (3 yrs
full time) of research.

• Undergraduate degrees are not permitted to place B.A

or B.Sc. after their names
• Levels of education are similar to those in other countries.
• There are public and private colleges, schools and
universities.
• Public schools are funded by a city/state/federal
government.
• Students living in the city/state pay less tuition because
some tax money is used to subsidize the tuition.
• Private colleges and universities are supported primarily by
tuition and private contributions

• All students must pay the same tuition no matter where

they come from.
1. Pre-primary Education—type of school that provides
kindergarten, nursery schools, pre-school programmes,
child/day care centers.
-- age level is 4 – 6 years old and the duration is 2 years.
2. Primary Education (Elementary School) –
a) Grades 1 to 4 --> children are from ages 6 to 10; transition to
Middle School.
b) Grades 1 to 5 --> children are from ages 6 to 11; transition to
Middle School.
c) Grades 1 to 6 --> children are from ages 6 to 12; transition to
Junior High School
d) Grades 1 to 7 --> children are from ages 6 to 14; transition to
Junior High School.
3. Middle School Education—Grades 4 to 6, 5 to 7, or 6 to 8
-- age level is from 10 to 14.
-- length of the program is 3 years

4. Secondary Education (High School)—Grades 7 to 12 or 8

to 12
-- ages 12 to 18 years old.
-- HS Diploma is awarded.
-- two levels: Junior HS and Grades 7 to 8, 7 to 9, or 8 to 9
-- ages 12 to 14 years old: Senior HS
Grades 9 to 12, or 10 to 12
ages 14 to 18 years old.

• Duration of compulsory education is from entry of 6

years old to exit of 18 years old.
o Begins at the post secondary education.
o It is a diverse and autonomous community of publicly and
privately supported institutions.
 Classification according to the following categories:
 Research Universities (I and II)
 Doctorate-granting universities (I and II)
 Master’s (Comprehensive) Universities and Colleges (I and II)
 Baccalaureate (Liberal Arts) Colleges (I and II)
 Associate of Arts Colleges
 Professional Schools & Other Specialized Institutions
 Postsecondary Vocational and Technical Schools

• Data states that there are some 2, 819 institutions offering Bachelor’s or higher
degrees and 4, 927 institutions offering shorter non-degrees of 2 years duration.
 Classification according to the following categories:

 Research Universities (I and II)—Comprehensive doctorate

granting institutions that have extensive theoretical and
applied research in a wide variety of programs.
 Doctorate-granting universities (I and II)—universities
offering comprehensive studies but awards Doctorate in
limited field of areas.
 Master’s (Comprehensive) Universities and Colleges (I and
II)—institutions offering academic and professional
programmes at the Bachelor’s and Master’s level but do
not award research doctorate
 Classification according to the following categories:
 Baccalaureate (Liberal Arts) Colleges (I and II)—institutions
offering Bachelor’s degrees but not higher.
 Associate of Arts Colleges (I and II)—they offer academic and
professional or occupational studies at the Associate Degree
level including Public Community Colleges and Public and
Private Junior Colleges.
 Professional School and Other Specialized Institutions—
institutions that offer only one or few related courses in the
professional or academic wit degree levels from associate to
research doctorates.
 Postsecondary Vocational and Technical Schools—Institutions
offering short non-degree training programs of less than 2
years duration, leading to certificates or diplomas in
occupational specialties.
5. Post Secondary Education—there is no real age categories
for post secondary education. Generally, American
students start college right after completing high school.

6. College and University Education—a college usually has a

Bachelor’s program.
-- a university may be composed of several colleges.
-- university often have graduate programs as well
-- the value of a degree is a reflection of how society views
the particular college or university.

o Classes begin in September and end in June of every year.

o Language of instruction is English.

• Vocational and Technical schools operate at either in

the HS or Junior College Levels.