THYPHOID

C R E AT E D B Y :

C A H YAT I K A A N D I N I P U T R I
D I N D A P E R M ATA P U S PA
PUTRI MAHARANI
S I T I N U R F I T R I YA N I
 What is typhoid?

Typhoid fever is a systemic

infection caused by Salmonella
Typhi, usually through ingestion of
contaminated food or water.
 Symptoms

 Prolonged fever,
 Rash
 Headache,
 Nausea,
 Loss of appetite, and
 Constipation or sometimes diarrhoea.
 Causes

 Typhoid is caused by bacteria called Salmonella

typhi (S. typhi). It’s main method of transmission is
the oral route, generally spreading in contaminated
water or food. It can also be passed through direct
contact with an infected person.

 In addition, there are a small number of people who

recover but still carry S. typhi. These "carriers" can
infect others.
 Prevention

Vaccination
Be careful about what you drink
 Don’t drink from the tap or a well
 Avoid ice cubes, unless you’re certain they’re made from bottled or boiled water
 Non-bottled water should be boiled for one minute before drinking
Watch what you eat
 Don’t eat raw produce unless you can peel it yourself after washing your hands
 Never eat food from street vendors
 Don’t eat raw or rare meat or fish, foods should be thoroughly cooked and still hot
when served
Practice good hygiene
 Wash your hands often, especially after using the bathroom and before touching food
(use lots of soap and water if available, if not, use hand sanitizer containing at least
60% alcohol)
 Avoid direct contact with people who are sick
 If you’re sick, avoid other people, wash your hands often, and don’t prepare or serve
food
 Treatment

 The only effective treatment for typhoid is antibiotics.

The most commonly used are ciprofloxacin (for non-
pregnant adults) and ceftriaxone.

 Other than antibiotics, it is important to rehydrate by

drinking adequate water.

 In more severe cases, where the bowel has become

perforated, surgery may be required.
Kesimpulan