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 Defining Emotion
Emotion

Biology of Emotion

Theories of Emotion

Influence of Culture on Emotion

Emotion

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Emotion > Defining Emotion

Defining Emotion
• Defining Emotion

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Emotion > Biology of Emotion

Biology of Emotion
• Biology of Emotion

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Emotion > Theories of Emotion

Theories of Emotion
• Appraisal Theory of Emotion
• James–Lange Theory of Emotion
• Cannon–Bard Theory of Emotion
• Schachter–Singer Theory of Emotion (Two-Factor Theory)
• The Facial Feedback Hypothesis

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Emotion > Influence of Culture on Emotion

Influence of Culture on Emotion

• Influence of Culture on Emotion

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Appendix
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Emotion

Key terms
• affective Relating to, resulting from, or influenced by the emotions.
• amygdala A part of the brain located in the medial temporal lobe. It is believed to play a key role in emotion in both animals and
humans, particularly in the formation of fear-based memories.
• appraisal The act or process of developing an opinion, judgment, or assessment of the value of something.
• autonomic Acting or occurring involuntarily, outside of conscious control.
• autonomic Acting or occurring involuntarily, outside of conscious control.
• cerebral cortex The grey, folded, outermost layer of the cerebrum that is responsible for higher brain processes such as
sensation, voluntary muscle movement, thought, reasoning, and memory.
• cognition The process of thinking or knowing.
• cognition The process of knowing; mental process.
• culture A shared set of beliefs, attitudes, norms, values, and behavior organized around a central theme and found among
speakers of one language, in one time period, and in one geographic region.
• emotion The complex psychophysiological experience of an individual's state of mind as it is interacting with biochemical
(internal) and environmental (external) influences.
• emotion The complex psychophysiological experience of an individual's state of mind as it interacts with biochemical (internal)
and environmental (external) influences.
• epinephrine A hormone, and a neurotransmitter, that regulates heart rate, blood vessel and air passage diameters, and
metabolic shifts and that is a crucial component of the fight-or-flight response of the sympathetic nervous system.

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Emotion

• hippocampus A part of the limbic system, located in the temporal lobe of the brain and consisting mainly of grey matter. It plays
a role in memory and emotion.
• homeostasis Equilibrium of the body, in which biological conditions (such as body temperature) are maintained at optimal
levels.
• modulate To regulate, adjust, or adapt.
• motivation The wants or needs that direct behavior toward a goal.
• neurodevelopmental Of or pertaining to the development of neurological pathways in the brain.
• proprioceptive The sense of the positions of body parts relative to other neighboring body parts.
• subcortical Of or pertaining to the portion of the brain located below the cerebral cortex.
• thalamus Either of two large, ovoid structures of grey matter within the forebrain that relay sensory impulses to the cerebral
cortex.
• visceral Having to do with the response of the body as opposed to the intellect and rational thinking.

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Emotion

Cannon–Bard theory of emotion

The Cannon–Bard theory states that physiological arousal and emotional experience occur simultaneously, yet independently.

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Emotion

The impact of facial expressions

According to the facial feedback hypothesis, facial expressions aren't simply caused by emotions—they can influence our emotions as well. Smiling
more frequently over a period of time can, in fact, make you feel happier.

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Emotion

Comparing the theories of emotion

This figure illustrates how Lazarus' appraisal theory differentiates from the James–Lange, Cannon–Bard, and Schachter–Singer theories of emotion.

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Emotion

James–Lange theory
The James–Lange theory of emotion states that emotions arise as a result of physiological arousal.

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Psychwiki. "The Schachter-Singer Theory of Emotion - PsychWiki - A Collaborative Psychology Wiki." CC BY-SA http://www.psychwiki.com/wiki/The_Schachter-
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Emotion

The limbic system

The limbic system is the area of the brain involved with emotion and memory. Its structures include the hypothalamus, thalamus, amygdala, and
hippocampus

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Emotion

The reticular activating system

The reticular activating system is involved in arousal and attention, sleep and wakefulness, and the control of reflexes.

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Emotion

Lazarus: Primary and secondary appraisal

According to Lazarus' cognitive-mediational theory, upon encountering a stressor, a person judges its potential threat (via primary appraisal) and then
determines if effective options are available to manage the situation (via secondary appraisal). Stress is likely to result if a stressor is perceived as
threatening and few or no effective coping options are available.

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Emotion

Expression of emotion
Toddlers can cycle through emotions quickly, being (a) extremely happy one moment and (b) extremely sad the next.

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Emotion

The Schachter–Singer two-factor theory

The Schachter–Singer theory views emotion as resulting from the interaction of two factors: physiological arousal and cognition.

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Emotion

Universal facial expressions

Research suggests the existence of seven universal emotions, each of which is associated with a distinct facial expressions: happiness, surprise,
sadness, fright, disgust, contempt, and anger.

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Emotion

Papez Circuit
This model of the neural pathway of the Papez circuit shows the connections between its different parts.

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Emotion

Expressions of Emotions in the Face

There are six basic types of emotions expressed in faces: sadness, happiness, disgust, surprise, anger, and fear, which are independent from culture
and language.

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Wikibooks. "Cognitive Psychology and Cognitive Neuroscience/Motivation and Emotion." CC BY-SA 3.0
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Emotion

Attribution
• Wiktionary. "cerebral cortex." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/cerebral_cortex
• wikiversary. "Reticular formation, arousal and emotion." CC BY-SA
https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Motivation_and_emotion/Book/2014/Reticular_formation,_arousal_and_emotion
• OpenStax CNX. "OpenStax College, Psychology. July 27, 2015." CC BY 4.0 http://cnx.org/contents/4abf04bf-93a0-45c3-9cbc-
2cefd46e68cc@4.100:15/Psychology
• OpenStax CNX. "OpenStax College, Psychology. July 27, 2015." CC BY 4.0 http://cnx.org/contents/4abf04bf-93a0-45c3-9cbc-
2cefd46e68cc@4.100:58/Psychology
• Wiktionary. "amygdala." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/amygdala
• Wiktionary. "hippocampus." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/hippocampus
• Boundless Learning. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com//psychology/definition/emotion
• Wikipedia. "Papez circuit." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papez_circuit%23Emotion
• Wikipedia. "Emotion." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emotion
• Wikipedia. "Limbic system." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limbic_system
• Wikipedia. "Reticular activating system." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reticular_activating_system
• Wikipedia. "Reticular activating system." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reticular_activating_system
• Wikipedia. "Autonomic nervous system." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autonomic_nervous_system
• Wikibooks. "Cognitive Psychology and Cognitive Neuroscience/Motivation and Emotion." CC BY-SA 3.0
http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Cognitive_Psychology_and_Cognitive_Neuroscience/Motivation_and_Emotion%23Emotions
• OpenStax CNX. "OpenStax College, Psychology. July 27, 2015." CC BY 4.0 http://cnx.org/contents/4abf04bf-93a0-45c3-9cbc-
2cefd46e68cc@4.100:58/Psychology
• Wiktionary. "culture." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/culture
• Boundless Learning. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com//psychology/definition/emotion
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Emotion

• Wikipedia. "Emotions and culture." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emotions_and_culture

• Wikibooks. "Cognitive Psychology and Cognitive Neuroscience/Motivation and Emotion." CC BY-SA 3.0
http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Cognitive_Psychology_and_Cognitive_Neuroscience/Motivation_and_Emotion%23Emotions
• OpenStax CNX. "OpenStax College, Psychology. July 27, 2015." CC BY 4.0 http://cnx.org/contents/4abf04bf-93a0-45c3-9cbc-
2cefd46e68cc@4.100:58/Psychology
• Wiktionary. "epinephrine." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/epinephrine
• Wiktionary. "autonomic." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/autonomic
• Wiktionary. "subcortical." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/subcortical
• Wiktionary. "visceral." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/visceral
• Wiktionary. "thalamus." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/thalamus
• Psychwiki. "The Schachter-Singer Theory of Emotion - PsychWiki - A Collaborative Psychology Wiki." CC BY-SA
http://www.psychwiki.com/wiki/The_Schachter-Singer_Theory_of_Emotion
• Wikipedia. "Two-factor theory of emotion." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-factor_theory_of_emotion
• Wikibooks. "Cognitive Psychology and Cognitive Neuroscience/Motivation and Emotion." CC BY-SA 3.0
http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Cognitive_Psychology_and_Cognitive_Neuroscience/Motivation_and_Emotion%23Emotions
• Open Course Library. "General Psychology: Emotion." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://opencourselibrary.org/psyc-100/
• Wikipedia. "Emotion." CC BY-SA 3.0 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emotion
• OpenStax CNX. "OpenStax College, Psychology. July 28, 2015." CC BY 4.0 http://cnx.org/contents/4abf04bf-93a0-45c3-9cbc-
2cefd46e68cc@4.100:58/Psychology
• OpenStax CNX. "OpenStax College, Psychology. July 28, 2015." CC BY 4.0 http://cnx.org/contents/4abf04bf-93a0-45c3-9cbc-
2cefd46e68cc@4.100:83/Psychology
• Wikipedia. "Emotion." CC BY-SA 3.0 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emotion
• Wikipedia. "Appraisal Theory." CC BY-SA 3.0 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appraisal_theory
• OpenStax CNX. "OpenStax College, Psychology. July 28, 2015." CC BY 4.0 http://cnx.org/contents/4abf04bf-93a0-45c3-9cbc-
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2cefd46e68cc@4.100:58/Psychology
Emotion

• Wikibooks. "Cognitive Psychology and Cognitive Neuroscience/Motivation and Emotion." CC BY-SA 3.0
http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Cognitive_Psychology_and_Cognitive_Neuroscience/Motivation_and_Emotion%23Emotions
• OpenStax CNX. "OpenStax College, Psychology. July 27, 2015." CC BY 4.0 http://cnx.org/contents/4abf04bf-93a0-45c3-9cbc-
2cefd46e68cc@4.100:58/Psychology
• Wikipedia. "Cannon-Bard Theory." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannon%E2%80%93Bard_theory
• OpenStax CNX. "OpenStax College, Psychology. July 27, 2015." CC BY 4.0 http://cnx.org/contents/4abf04bf-93a0-45c3-9cbc-
2cefd46e68cc@4.100:58/Psychology
• Wikipedia. "The Two Factor Theory of Emotion." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-factor_theory_of_emotion
• Psychwiki. "The Schachter-Singer Theory of Emotion - PsychWiki - A Collaborative Psychology Wiki." CC BY-SA 3.0
http://www.psychwiki.com/wiki/The_Schachter-Singer_Theory_of_Emotion
• Wikibooks. "Cognitive Psychology and Cognitive Neuroscience/Motivation and Emotion." CC BY-SA 3.0
http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Cognitive_Psychology_and_Cognitive_Neuroscience/Motivation_and_Emotion%23Emotions
• Open Stax. "Facial Feedback Hypothesis." CC BY-SA 3.0 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facial_feedback_hypothesis
• OpenStax CNX. "OpenStax College, Psychology. July 28, 2015." CC BY 4.0 http://cnx.org/contents/4abf04bf-93a0-45c3-9cbc-
2cefd46e68cc@4.100:58/Psychology

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